Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/804

* IffONK. I ■■ she was proved to be of bad character, and her story to be a clumsy invention. Her tale was printed in Awful Dinvlusuics by Maria Munh (1830) and I'lirllur Disclosures (1830). More than 200,000 copies were sold, and a violent anti- Catholic agitation resulted. William L. 8tone, of the New Vork Commercial Advertiser, visited Montreal and exposed her in Maria Monk and the unncry of the Hotel Uieu (1836). For this he was abused by the 'Know Nothings,' who made much capital of the story. MONK BAT. A 'bulUlog' or 'mastiff' bat ( q.v. ). MONK-BIRD. The friarbird (q.v.). MONKEY (with double diminutive ending key, from OF. monne^ from It. monna, Oli. monu, she-monkey, old woman, contraction of madon- na, lady, from mia donna, my lady, from mia, from Lat. meus, mine, and donna, from Lat. domina, lady: apparently so called from the re- semblance of a UHinkey's fa<e to that of an old crone). A jKipular name for a large number of mammals of the order Primates. In the broadest .sense, a monkey is any |)rimate exce])t a man or a lenmr. Many of these, however, are better known imder more particular names, as the mar- mosets, apes, gibbons, etc., and it will be proper here to consider 'monkey' as including only the members of the two families C^cbida- and Cercopi- theeidie, further excepting baboons and macacjUes (qq.v.), which have short tails, limbs nearly c<iual and not spc'cially adapted to an arboreal life, and the muzzle projecting so that the face is more or les.s dog-like. We may, therefore, re- gard the monkeys in a strict sense as including all of the Cebidas and of the Cercopithecida' all except Cynocephalus and Macacus, and their nearest allies. New WoELd Monkeys. The Cebidse are ex- clusively American and include not less than 10 genera and about .'jO species. They are readily distinguished from the monkeys of the Old World by the presence of 30 teeth, the absence of a bony external auditory nu-atus, the absence of ischiatic callosities, and tJic presence of a broad internarial septum. On account of the latter characteristic, they were at one time grouped as a suborder, the Platyrrhini, while the Old World monkeys, since they' have a narrow septum, wiTC called Catar- rhiiii, but these tenns have now largely passed out of use. The prinei])al kinds of American monkeys are the howlers, sakis, uakaris, teetees, squirrel-monkeys, spider-monkeys, barrigudos, and sapajous. The howlers (genus Mycetes) are remarkable for the extraordinary cries which they are capable of emitting owing to the enormous enlargement of the hollow hyoid bone and vocal apparatus. The face is supplied with a long beard, the tail is long and very pre- hensile, and the color is very variable, though usually dark. In intelligence, the bowlers are ranked among the lowest of the American mon- keys, although in size among the largest. The saivi.s arc long-tailed monkeys of the genus Pithccia, having a w<dl-devcloped thuml) and the lower incisors inclined f<irward: they also have the rami of the mandible expanded, though not so much so as in the howlers. A number of upecies are known, all South .American, but vary- ing greatly in the character of the hairy coat, the beard, and the biishiness of the tail : all are arboreal, have powerful voices, and make inter- esting pets, some species showing great attach-
 * 6 MONKEY.

ment to their masters. The uakaris differ from all the other American monkeys in having a sliort baboon-like tail, in spite of which they are exclusively arboreal. They are limited in their range, and die soon after being sent away from their own home. There are three species, of the genus Uaearia. The teetees (Callitlirix) are small Hrazilian monkeys with vertical lower in- cisors and a long non-prehensile tail, distinguished from the squirrel-monkeys (Chrysotlirix ( by the small canine teeth and the liusliy tail. Four species of squirrel-monkeys are known from Northern South .inerica; they have very large eyes and disproportionately long hind limbs and tail. The spider-monkeys, comprising the genera Ateles and Eriodes, are the most celebrated of the Cebida;. Ateles, of which a dozen or more species are known, lacks a thumb, the coat is not woolly, while Eriodes, with only tliree species, has a rudimentary thuml). and a woolly coat. All these monkeys have the form slender, the limbs very long, and the tail extremely prehensile and naked beneath at the tip. Although so perfectly adapted to an arboreal life, they are not specially active, and the power of grasping by the hand is very imperfect, owing to the lack of a thumb. They range from Southern Mexico and Central America southward to Southeaslern Brazil. The barrigudos (Lagothrix) are similar to the spider- monkeys, but have a thumb and arc much heavier. They lank with the howlers as the largest Ameri- can monkeys. The sapajous are somewhat smaller and stouter than the spider-monkeys and are the favorite species in captivity, which they bear very well. They have a thumb, and the under surface of the tail is hairy; at least 20 species have been described, all of the genus Cebus. These monkeys are all active animals, chiefly diurnal, though a few of the smaller forms are nocturnal. They live almost wholly in trees and feed upon fruits and insects chielly. though eggs, young birds, and even some reptiles may vary the diet. They are themselves constantly hunted by the Indians, who use them for fooil, and also use or sell the skins. The llesli of monkeys is said to be good eating, and some travelers speak in the highest terms of the meat of some of the spider-monkeys, The ('ebid;^ are not only in- ferior to the Old Wiwld monkeys in size, but in intelligence do not compare with them. The sapajous are perhaps the most intelligent of the American species, and in captivity make very interesting pets. Jlost of the monkeys seen in the United States with organ-grinders are of this kind. The South American Indians shoot them with arrows, the tips of which are slightly poisoned with curare, and Avhen the animal thus wounded has been captured, it is fed with salt, which is an antidote to the poison. The habits of monkeys are so well known that the verb 'to monkey' has passed into current use as an un- mistakable expression f<u- meddlesome activity. Ot.I) Wom,n Monkeys. Turning now to the Old World monkeys, which have 32 teeth, an external, bony auditory meatus, isehiatic callosi- ties, and a narrow internarial septum, and leav- ing out of account the baboons and m.ncaques, we face an assemblage of five genera and something like 4.5 species. Three of the genera are confined to .Africa and two to Asia. Cercocebiis is an .African genus of four species, with teeth like a macaque, but with a long tail. Cercopithecus is a large .African genus of rather slender, long-tailed