Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/802

* MONISM. 724 MONITORIAL SYSTEM. The term monism is relatively recent, having been first used by Christian Wolf (1G79-1754) to designate types of thought which endeavored to do away with the dualism of body and mind. For a considerable [wriod, it was used with ex- plicit reference to relations involved in the epistemological problem (see Knowledge, The- OBY OF), but in contemporary thought it has been extended to the senses indicated. MO-NITA SECRE'TA SOCI'ETA'TIS JE'SXJ ( l.al., secret instructiims of the Society of .Jesus). The title of a book purporting to contain private instructions for the members of the Society of .Jesus, first published at Cracow in 1614 without any autlior's name. It was at- tributed by the enemies of the Jesuits to Claudio Acquavtva. the general of the Order; and, though it was condemned by the Congregation of the Index in 1616 as "falsely ascribed to the society, calumnious, and full of defamatory matter," it was for a long time received as authentic bj' these same enemies. Its genuineness has long ceased to be defended by scholars, whatever their point of view. Recent investigations of the Cra- cow Academy have made it practically certain that it was written by the man whom the Bishop of Cracow names as its suspected author in the year following its publication — .Jerome Zalior- owski, a former Jesuit, who had been dismissed from the Order for ill conduct, and took this means of revenging himself. Consult: Duhr, JesuUen-Fabeln (Freiburg. 1891); Huber, Der Jesuilenorden (Berlin, 1873). MONITETTR, m.'>'n.'-'ter', T.E (Fr., the Moni- tor). A French journal foimded May .5. 1789, by C. J. Panckoucke under the title (Imette -Va- iionale, ou le Monilriir Vniversrl. Its great im- portance as a register of events begins with the crisis of August 10, 1792. Its issues for the years 1789-99 were reprinted in .32 volumes by CJallois, L'Ancien Monitcur (Paris, 1840-45). In NivOse of the year VIII. (1800) the Monitcur began to publish olhcially the .4c^ps du Ooiivernc- ment. In 1811 it took as its sole title Monitrur Vniversel. From July, 1814, to February, I8I5, the official part of the journal was sus|)ended, the Government issuing irregularly a Journal O/pciel. After this the Monitcur was again rec- ognized as the Oovernment organ and so con- tinued until 1808, when the official part was separated from the Monitcur and took the title Journal O/Jicicl. MONITOR (T.at. monitor, one who warns, from tnoncrc, to warn: so e:illed hee:Mise the lizard was supposed to give warning of the pres- ence of the crocodile). A large, semi aquatic pleurodont lizard of the Old World, of the family Varanid;i>, characterized by a long. deei)ly cleft, smooth tiingue. The neck is relatively lon<; and the skin is almost smooth ; the tail is very long, often laterally compressed, forming a powerful swimming organ, and the teeth are large and pointed. There are nearly .30 species, all in the single genus Varanus. inhabiting Africa. South- ern .Vsia. and thence to Australia, but absent from Madagascar. Some species reach a lenf.'th of six or seven feet, and all are rapacious, seizing whatever animals they can master. .lthough most of them live in or aroimd the water, others occur in drj' inland regions or in the woods. The most familiar is the Nile monitor (Varanus Jfilolicus) . which inhabits all of Africa except the northwestern part. It is greenish-gray, more or less mottled. This species spends most of its time in the water and is of service in keeping down the crocodiles, for whose eggs it searches, and whose young it captures in the water. A well-known species of the East, found from Xorthern India to the Philippines, is 'aranus sahalor. called in Ceylon 'Kabara-goya.' It is amphibious, but wanders widely in the forests and climbs trees with great agility. Consult: Gadow, Amphibia and Reptiles (London, 1901) ; Mason and Theobald, liurma. Its People and Productions (London, 1882) ; Tennent, Xatural History of Ceylon (London, 1861). See Plate of LlZAKDS. MONITOR, The. One of the most famous vessels and the first successful ironclad in the history of the United States Xavy. It was built at Greenpoint, L. I., under the direction of .John Ericsson (q.v.) ; was launched on January SO, 1862, and on March 6, 1862, under the command of Lieutenant .lohn I^. Worden, started for Hampton Roads, Va., where she arrived on the night of March 8th. During this day the Con- federate ironclad vessel, the Virginia (commonly known as the Merrimac, its name prior to its capture at Norfolk by the Confederates), had destroyed or disabled a large part of the Federal fleet in the harbor. On Sunday, the 9th. the Monitor engaged the Vir^uiia in an indecisive battle lasting several hours, the Virginia finally withdrawing up the Elizabeth River. Neither vessel was very seriously injured, and only a few men were wounded on either side. Lieutenant Worden. however, being seriously injured on the Monitor. On May 15, 1862, in company with the dalcna. the augatuck. Port Royal, and Aroos- took, the Monitor participated in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Richmond, and on December .31, 1862, while en route to Beaufort. N. C, the Monitor sank in a windstorm, four officers and seventeen men being drowned. The engagement between the Monitor and the Mrginia (or .1/cn'i- mac) was one of the most important and sig- nificant in the naval history of the world, dem- onstrating as it did the value of armored ves- sels and the relative usclessness of the old-style wooden warships. Consult Bennett. Tlic Moni- tor and the ai-y Under Steam (Boston, 1900) ; Johnson and Buel (cds. ). Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. i. (New York. 1887): and Hill, Tirenty-Six Historic Ships (New York, 190.3). For a description of the Monitor, see the articli' Ship. Abmorep. MONITOR BUG. A local name in California for the bloodsucking conenose {Conorhinus sun- yuisuga). See Cone.nose. MONITORIAL SYSTEM OF MUTUAL INSTRUCTION. A l.riii aiiplici tu a >yslem of school organization and instruction popular during the first half of the nineteenth century in Great Britain, and to a less degree in some Con- tinental countries and in .merica. It was em- ployed in 1795 by Dr. Andrew Bell, superin- tendent of the Orphan .Xsylum at Mailras, who made use of the more advanced boys in the school to instruct the younger pupils. In 1797 the idea was introduced into England, and in the follow- ing year it was taken up by .Joseph Lancaster (q.vj, who improved and popularized the meth- od. Hence the system is often called the Bell or the Lancastrian svstem of instruction.