Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/78

* MARIAMNC. 58 MARIA THERESA. MARIAMNE. The title of plays by Alex- andre Hardy (1610), Tristan rErmite "(1637), and Voltaire (1723), based on tlie story of Mari- anme. wife of Herod the Great. MARIAlf A. ( 1 ) In Shakespeare's Measure for Miusure, the charming and womanly lover of Angelo. Tennyson's Mariana in the Moated Oranye and Mariana in the Huuth were based on her character. (2) In Knowles's The H'l/e, a gentle and faithful character married to Leo- nardo. 8lie is the victim of a plot to make her appear f.iiilty of inlidelity with a countryman, who luriis out to be her brother. MARIANA. The name given by Capt. John Mason to the land granted him by the Council for New England on March i), ll)21. The patent, which was the second granted by the Council, covered the lands lying between the Xaumkeag ( Salem ) and Merrimac rivers, with the islands within three miles of the shore, and was included in the present territory of Massachusetts. MARIANA, mii'r^-ji'ni. Juan (1336-1623). A distinguished Spanish historian and scholar, born at Talavera. In 1.5.i4 he entered the Order of the Jesuits. His early studies in languages and theology were so brilliant that he was ap- pointed to teach in the schools of his Order, first at Rome (where the celebrated liiOlarmine [q.v.] was one of his scholars) in 1561, afterwards in Sicily in 1565, and finally in Paris in 1569. After a residence there of seven years he settled at Toledo, where he resided till his death, at an c.Ktrcme old age. His retirement, however, was passed in sustained literary activity. From an early period he devoted himself to writing a his- tory of Spain (1592-1605). The originafof this history was Latin, the elegance and purity of which have secureil for Mariana a place among the most distinguished of modern Latinists. Mariana himself published a Spanish translation, which still remains one of the classics of the language. Among bis other productions are a scholia of the Bible and an edition of the works of Isidore of Seville. Hut the most celebrated of the works of .Mariana is his well-known treatise. Dc lityc <t Hiijis Instilutionc { 15!li|). in which is raised the imjiorlant question whetlier it is law- ful to overthrow and kill a tyrant. .Mariana de- cides that it is right for every man to do so. even where the tyrant is not a usurper, but a lawful king, and esteems .Jacques Clf^ment (q.v.) equally with Hrutvis. This tyrannicide doctrine drew much oilium upon the entire Order of .Jesuits; but the same doctrines were taught in almost the same words by several of the Protestant contem- poraries of Mariana (consult Hallam. Introduc- tion to the Literature of Europe. 5th ed.. J>ondon, 1855 56). while, on the other hand, Mariana's book was c'ondemned by the general, Aequaviva. Mariana's views on other subjects were broad- miu'b'.l ;iiid libi-ral. MARIANA ISLANDS. See Ladhone Isl- ands. MARIAN'NA. . town and the covmty-seat of l^e County. .rk.. 160 miles east of Little Rock, on L'. guille River, at the head of naviga- tion, nnil on the Saint Louis. Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad (Map: .Arkansas. F, 3). It carries on a considerable trade in cotton, and has cotton pins, cottonseed-oil mills, lumber-mills, etc. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890. 1126; in I '.mo, 1707. MARIANNE, md're-an', ov les Avextubes DE L. CoMTEssE DE. . . . An unfinished ro- mance by Marivau.K (1731-41), to which a second part was added in 1755 by Madame Riceobini. The novel has been said to be the origin of Pa- mela. It is important as the first novel of analy- sis rather than of incident, and contains minute pictures of bourgeois and conventual life. MARIANNE (ma'ri-an') ISLANDS. See L.VDHU.XE ISL.iNDS. MARIATJUS SCO'TITS ( 1028-C.1082 i. An Irisli chronicler, whose real name was Moellirigtc. He left his native land at the age of twenty-lour, when he became a monk, and in 1056 entered the monastery at Cologne, where he remained for two years. He then went to Fulda for ten years, and became a recluse there in 1059 and at Mainz in 1069. His claim to remembrance rests upon a Chrunicon Universale, extending from the birth of Christ to 1082, which contains extracts from Bede and other chroniclers, besides new ma- terial. The first printed edition was made at Basel in 1559. and others appeared in 1601, 1613. and 17l'i;. MARIA OF AUSTRIA (1505-58). A Queen of Hungary, a daughter of Philip the Fair of Burgundy and Joan of Castile, and sister of the Emperor Charles V. and Ferdinand I. of Hapsburg. She was born at Brussels in 1505. She married Louis II. of Hungary in 1522. and became a widow in 1526, when her husban<l was overwhelmed by the Turks at Mohacs. In 1530 ' she was appointed Governor-General of the Neth- erlands by Charles V., succeeding Margaret of Austria. There she ruled ably and firmly. In general, she aided Charles in his foreign policy, often acted as mediator between him and Ferdi- nand, and resigned from her otiice in the Xether- lands upon the abdication of Charles (1555). She retired to Spain, and died at Cigales. ilaria was a patron of arts and letters, and left a valu- able collection of manuscripts now in the Bur- gundian Library of Brussels. MARIA STUART. A tragedy by Schiller, first undertaken about 1787. then abandoned, and resumed in 1799. It was printed and presented in 1800. It was based on a considerable study of the period by Schiller, but takes great license with historical facts, MARIA THERESA, nuVri'A tc-re'sft (1717- 80). (.Uiecii ot llniigarv and Bohemia ami .-rch- dvichoss of .Austria, and wife of the (Jerman Em- peror. Francis I. She was the daughter of the Emperor Charles VI. (q.v.). and was born at Vienna, May 13. 1717, By the Pragmatic Sanc- tion ((|.v. ) her father sought to secure from the European powers her undisputed succession to the Hapsburg dominions. On F'ebrmirv 12. 1736, she married Francis Stephen. Duke of Lorraine (soon after Grand Duke of Tuscany), and on the death of her father. Octol)er 20. 1740. she succeeded to the hereditary possessions of the House of .ustria, which. in addition to the German, Ihuigarian. and Slavic lands, included Lombardy and the Belgian N'etherlands, .She found the monarchy exhausted, the finances em- barrassed, the people discontented, and the army weak: while Prussia. Bavaria. Saxony. Naples, and .Sardinia, stirred up by France, put forward claims to portions of her dominions, chiefly