Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/778

MONACI. (1878-84) was virtually a continuation of it. Monaci published dctaihcd essays aloiif; the same line in the titudi di Filologia Koinuii^a, and under the following titles: Lffizi drammalici dei disci- plinuti dell' Umbria, in the liivista di Filulugia (1872); 11 Canzoniere portoyhese delki Bihlio- tcca Vaticaiui (1875); II Caii^unierr poitoyhese Bruntuti-Colocci (1875-80) ; II Canzoniere chigi- ano (with ilolteni, 1878) ; Tesli antichi proven- zuli ilSSiO.

MONACO, nion'a-ko. An independent Italian prinei|)ality and the smallest sovereign State of Europe, hounded by the -Mediterranean and the 'French Department of Alpes-.Maritimes (Map: France. 8). lt,s area is al)out Si;, square miles, and the principality praetieally consists of the capital, -Monaco, .ionte Carlo (((.v.). and the village of t'ondamine, Ix^lween the two towns. It is in a mountainous country, renowned for its picturesque scenery. It is without industry or conimeree. and its inhabitants iire engaged chiefly in providing accommodations for tourists. The government of the principality is that of an abso- lute hereditary monarchy. The internal affairs are in the hands of a Covernor-Ceneral, who is also the ])resident of the Council of State, whose functions are merely advisory. There is a court of first instance and a court of justices of the peace, but no jail, all prisoners being sent to France. The judges are appointed by the Prince, mostly from memliers of judicial Ixxlies in France, and the French Code has been a<lo]ited with some modifi- oations by the princi])ality. The army, including the guard of honor, numbers about 200 men. There is no obligatory military service and little ta.ation. the revenue being derived almost en- tirely from the gaming t:ililes at Jlonte Carlo. The princi|)ality forms ;i Roman Catholic bishop- Tic, and the Roman Catholic Church is recognized and supjiorted bv the State. I'ppi'lation. in 1896, 13.180.

^lonaeo was conferred on a member of the (ienoese House of Grinmldi in 080. In 1450 the principality passed under the ])rotection of Aragon, but. dissatisfied with the Spanish rule, it came under the protection of France in IU41. The National Convention annexed the princi- ])ality to France in 1703. Hy the Treaty of 'ienna it came under the protection of Sar- dinia. In 18(il the communes of Mentone and Roccabruna (Roquebrune) were ceded by Sar- dinia to France, for which the Prince of Jlon- aco received in the following year iin indcnuiity of 4,000.000 francs. Consult: Mf-tivier. .1/oh«co et sex priiires ( l,a Fl&che. 18(>5) : Pcmber- ton. The History of Moiuiro, Past and Present (London, 18f'>7l: Harris. Mouaro: pieces his- toriques el trailcs (Nice. 1882) : Hover de Saint Suzanne, Leg pelil-i flats de VEnropr: la princi- paul/- de jWonoco( Paris, 1884) ; Saige, Doeuvients historiques rclafifs d la jrrinripaiite de Monaco (Monaco. 1800-01); id.. Monaco, ses oriflincs et son histoire (Paris. 1808): Moncharville. Mo- iinco. son hisloirc diplomatique: hi qiicslion des jciir (Pari-. 1808).

MONACO. Tlie capital of the Principality of Monacf>. situated on a promontory in the Atediter- rancnn. about midway between Nice and Mentone (Map: France. O 8). Its chief buildings are the pnlnce of the Prince, with a beautiful gardcTi. and the new cathedral, built in the Romano-By- zantine style. Near the town is the famous gambling resort of .Moutc Carlo (q.v.). The ad- joining connnunc (if Condamine has a railway station and some industries. -Monaco is a sea- bathing resort, and its climate is considered very healthful. Pu]nilation, with Condnmine, about iD.OdO.

MONACO, li,. X name sometimes applied to the Italian painter and monk Don Lorenzo (q.v.).

MO'NAD (from Lat. nionas, from (ik. itopiit, imil. friiiii uAvos, iiiitnus, single; connected with Ger. man, only, Lith. minau, throughout). (1) In early modern philosophy, a term used to des- ignate the ultimate elements of reality (Bruno). By Leibnitz, from whose system the name has derived importance, it is used to designate the spiritual alums which compose the universe. (See Leibmtz.) (2) In biologj-, a generic term for a simplest organism defined as being with- out a nucleus. In the old system of Ehrenberg, Monas was a large genus, but it has become more and more restricted, as better methods and ap- paratus have resulted in the discovery of a nu- cleus where none was lielieved to occur. The forms once included in the genus are now dis- tributed among the llagellatc Infusoria on the one luind (Haeckel's iloncra ; see -MoN'KK), and the bacteria on the other. -s it is quite prob- able that there is no organism without nuclear matter, the name is practically obsolete.

MONAD'NOCK, Crand. An isolated moun- tain in Clicshirc Cininty, in the southwestern cor- ner of New Ihimpshirc (Map: New Hampshire, F 10). It is regarded as an tnitlying mcml)er of the White Mountain group, is :n8'o feet high, and conniiamls :i fine view from its summit.

MONAGAS, niA-nii'gas. -^osf: Tadeo (1784- 1808). A N'enezuelan soldier ;in(l politician, born near Maturin. He served with distinction during the War for Independence (18i:!-21), and in 1846 was elected President of the Republic. At first he posed as a reformer, but he soon forsook this role and made himself dictator. Congress refusing longer to support liim. he 'dissolved that body, and in 1S50 di'l'eated ex-President I'aez (q.v.). who headed an insurrection againsf his authority. The next year he seeureil the election of his brother .fosf- (ircgorio to the Presideni'y, and at the expiration of the latter'.s term, in 1855. was himself rei^lected. Two years later, however, another insurrection broke out against him, and on .March 15. IS58, he was fenced to abdicate and to leave the country. Ten years later he returned iind overthrew President Fal- con. Congress then electe<l him l"alc(in"s suc- cessor, liut lie dieil before taking olliec.

MONAGHAN, mon'«-gnn. .-Vn inland coimtv in till' sontliern part of Ulster. Ireland (Map: Ireland, K 2). .rea, 406 square miles. The .surface is in general undulating with some steep hills, the highest point being 1250 feet above the sea. The soil is varied in character, less than half the area of the county being arable, but in general it is suitable for cereal crops (with the exception of wheat) and flax. The principal towns are Monaghan (q.v.). the county seat. Car- rickmacross. Clones, and Castle Blayney. The population declined from 2O0.,')0O in 1841 to Tl.'iUO in 1001.

MONAGHAN. The capital of County Monaghan, Ireland. 76 miles northwest of Dublitt