Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/768

MOLINOS. daincd priest, he acquind a high reputation as a director of conscience and a master of the spiritual life, lie went in KiOO to Rome, where lie made the same impression and won the friend- ship of many distinguished people. He declined all preferment, and devoted himself entirely to the direction of souls. In 1U75 he published an ascetieal treatise in Spanish, under the name of The Spiritual Oiiitlc. which had a wide popu- larity and was translated into many languages I into English ten years later; reprinted at Glasgow, 1885). His leading principle was that of habitual abstraction of the mind from sensible objects, with a view to gain, by passive contem- plation, not only a profound realization of God'.s presence. but so perfect a communion with Him as to end in absorjition into His essence. The dan- gers of his doctrine (for an examination of which and its subsequent history, see QriEXiSM) were pointed out by not a few. among them the distinguished .Jesuit Segneri : but so great was the popularity of ilolinos that no decisive steps were taken until, in lliS.'i. he was cited Ix'fore the Holy Ollice and submitted to close imprison- ment and examination. The Inquisition finally condemned eighty-six propositions extracted from iiis writings, and in a decree, which was eon- tirmed a few months later by a bull of Pope Innocent XI., required him publicly to abjure them, and sentenced him to imprisonment for life. He underwent ]iuldie penance and was ad- mitted to absolution, but was detained until his death in 1G9. Consult: Bigelow, Molinos the Qtiietist (New York. 1882) ; .Shorthouse, Golden Jl'hoiights from the Spiritual Guide of Molinos (London, 1883). MOLIQTJE, ni6'lek', Wilhelm Ber.niiard ( l.S0-2-ll). A German violinist and composer, born at Xuremberg. His father was a musician and the bo.y studied various instruments, but finally devoted himself to the violin. In 181,5 he received some lessons from Spohr, and then studied for two years under Rovelli in Miuiieh. In 1820 he succeeded Rovelli as Court violinist. and after several successful tours became leader of the Royal Hand at Stuttgart in 1820. In 1849 he resigned to go to England, in which country he remained till 18(i(. when he returned to Cannstadt, near Stuttgart, where he die<l. His compositions, especially his violin concertos, are still in use. His third concerto, in D minor, and his fifth in A minor, are remarkable works, and are the best examples of the technical skill and clear-cut harmonies which are evident to a less degree in his ducts, saered compositions, and instrumental jiieces. MOLITOR. mA'U'.'tor', G. RiEL Je.x .Toseimi, Count ( 17711 18-t!)). A French soldier, born at Hayange (Lorraine). He became a captain of volunteers in 17!'l, by 17!t!) had risen to the rank of general of brigade, subsequently was conniiis- sioned a general of ilivision. and in ISO;) fought in the Army of Italy and took part in the bat- tle of Austerlitz. In 1807 he was appointed Governor of I'omerania, in 180!1 contributed to the victory of Wagram. and in 1811-13 was in Holland. He was appointed ins|M'ctor-peneral of infantry at the Restoration, but receiveil a command in .Msaee from Napoleon during the Hundre'l Hays. .fter the second Restoration he did not again obtain his oflioes until 1S18. In 1823 he commanded the Second Army Corps in the Spanish expedition, and defeated Balles- teros. He was commissioned marshal (1823), and in 1847 became connnandant of the Inva- lides. mOL'LAH (more properly maula, Turkish jironunciation mepla, from Ar. ualaya, to be near). Among the Turks, the title of a superior judge. The mollahs are divided into two classes. Those in the first class exercise jurisdiction over the more important pashaliks. The mollahs of the second class hold ollice for a lunar month at a time, and their lowest rank is composed of the naibs over the inferior provinces, towns, and villages. The mollah is an expounder of civil, criminal, and canon law : he must, therefore, be a lawyer as well as an ecclesiastic. Under him is the qadi (or kadi), judge who admini.sters the law, and suj^rior to him are the kadilesker and the nuifti (q.v.). They are all, however, subject to the Sheikh ul-lslam, who is the su- preme mufti. In Persia, the ollice of mollah, who is generally called ahhun, is similar to what it is in Turkey. This superior there is the 'sadr,' or chief of the mollahs. MOLLENDO, mol-lan'do. A seaport of Peru, situated seven miles south of Islay, on the Pacific coast (Map: Peru, 7). It is the chief harbor of Southern Peru and the trading centre for the mining districts of the interior, with which it is connected by railroad. Its exports are alpaca, wool, quinine, antimony, silver, and copjjcr ores. It is the seat of a United States consvihir agent. Population. 2200. M'OLLENDORF, mrl'lm-dorf, Wichard Joa- chim Heinrich vox (1724-1810). A Prussian general, born at Lindenlierg. He was in the first and second Silesian wars, and was promoted for bravery at Soor (1740). In the Seven Years' War he rose to the rank of major and received the Order for Merit. At Torgau (17G0), where he showed great bravery, he was captured by the Austrians, but he was released in 1701. and was made general a year after. MJiUendorf was division commander in the War of the Bavarian Succession (1779^; (lovernor of Berlin (1783); and commander in 1793 of the troops which put into effect the second partiticm of Poland. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Army of the Rhine in 1794. In 1800 he again took the field, was wounlinist and composer, born at Erfurt. Prussia. He studied under Ernst and Spohr. ;ind had become famous in Germany and at Saint Petersburg before he was twenty- five. To escape conscri])tion. he went to England, joined .lullien. and aecom))anied him to New York City in 1853. He settled there and became a founder in .Vmerica of the Conservatory method of teaching the violin. MoUenhauer's best-known compositions for the violin are his quartets. He also wrote the operas. The Corsican /{riW(( 1801 ), Itrnikrrs (1881 ) . and The Masked Ball. MOL'LER, Georo (1784-18.")2). A German architect. He was born in Hanover, and studied architecture in Karlsruhe and Italy. After his return from Italy he was appointed Court archi- tect to the Grand Duke of Ilesse. He designed the ducal palace at Wiesbaden, a number of