Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/729

* MOGILA. 651 MOHAMMED. 1G40, and iicoeiited by tlio patiiarohs of Con- staiitiiioplf, .lorusalem. and Antiocli in l(i42-43, and by tlio Synod of Jerusalem in 1072. It has been edited in Greek and Latin by I'ana- geotes (Amsterdam, 10(52) and llotl'mann (Leip- zig, 10!);")). A (ierinan translation by Friseli ap- peared at Frankfort in 17 It is given by Von Kininiell. in Libii Hymbolici Ecclesice Orien- talis (.Jena, 1843}. MOGOK, mo'gok. The capital of the district of Kiiliy Mines, Upper Burma. India, 0.5 miles northeast of JIandalay (Jlap: Burma, C 2). The town lies in a valley at an altitude of 4000 feet above the sea. It is noted for its ruby mines, which are controlled by a European eonpany. which has introduced a complete modern mining installation with electric power furnished liy an artifi<'ial reservoir supplied by the Yeni stream. I'opulatitm. cstiiiiatcd, 8000. MOGONTI'ACXTM. The Roman name of Wainz. MOGUL, Gke.t {more correctly Mughal, or Moyhul; Hind. Mughal, from Mongol Mongol, Mongol, from mong, to be brave). The popu- lar designation of the Emperor of Delhi, as the impersonation of the powerful empire estab- lished in Hindustan by the ilongol conciueror, Bal)er, the great-grandson of Timur. in lo2(i. The most important princes of this line, after Baber (the first Great Mogul), were Akbar (1550-100.")), .lehangir (1605-27), Shah .Jehan (1028-58), and Aurungzebe (1658-1707). In 1S0.3 the Great Mogul, Shah Alam, was deprived of his throne, and in 1827 he surrendered even the ajipearance of authority, becomiu;^ a pen- sioner of the British. In 1857 Jloliammed Bahadur, the last of the dynasty, who had been invested with the imperial dignity at Delhi at the outbreak of the Se[)oy ilutiny, was con- demned and transported for his complicity in the mutiny to l!anj;oon, where he died in 1862. Con- sult Kccuc. I'lill of the Miiqhal Empire (London, ls7(i. MOHACS, m.Vhach. A market town of Hun- j:iry, situated on the right bank of the Danulie. -!•') miles southeast of Fiinfkirchen (ilap: Hun- gary, F 4). It is poorly built, but is an im- portant station for steaiuers. and carries on a considerable trade in wood, coal, and grain. It is noted as the scene of the battle of August 29. 1520, between the Hungarians under Louis IT. and the Turks under Solyman the ilagnificent. The King and over 20.000 Hungarians and (Jer- mans jjcrished. and a large part of Hungaiy fell under the yoke of Turkey. On Augtist 12. 1087. a second battle was fought at MohScs, in which the Imperialists under Charles of Lor- raine d<'feated the Turks, thereby putting an end to the Turkish dominion in Central Hungarv. Population, in 18!)0. 14.40.3; in 1900. 15.832." MO'HAIR (OF. moiihaire, mouaire, mohere, Fr. inoirr, from Ar. iiixikhngfiar, fabric of goats' hair). The wool of the Angora goat (see Goat) of Asia .Minor and South Africa. Few animals have so lieautiful a covering as the fine, soft, silky, long, and always pure white wool of this goat. Each animal at the annual clip in April or May yields from two pounds to four pounds of wool. The fabric mohair made from this wool is characterized by its li<;ht weight, smooth, dust- shedding surface, and lustre. In pile fabrics, such as plushes and astrakhans, mohair is some- Voi.. XIII.— IJ. times used for the pile-warp, while the body is made of cotton. The fabric known as camel's hair is nnule from the best mohair, which enters into the manifacture of many fabrics. Consult 77i<- Angiira (loat { Faniurn' Itulletin, No. 137, Initcd States Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington. 1901). For the production of mohair in the I'nitcil States, see Wool. MOHAM'MED (Ar. .Vu/iom mod. the Praised; according to Deutsch. Sprenger, and Hirschfeld, the predicted .Messiah (cf. Haggai ii. 7). The founder of Islam. He was born about a.d. 570, at Mecca, the .son of Ahd Allah, of the family of Hashini and Amina. of the family of Zuhra, both of whom belonged to branches of the powerful tribe of the Koreish. His father, a poor merchant, died before or shortly after Mohammed's birth ; and liis mother, after the fashion of her tribe, gave the child to a Bedouin woman, that she might nurse him in the health- ful air of the desert. The infant was subject to fits, which were ascribed to demons, and the nurse brought him back in his third year. Three years afterwards his mother died. His grand- father. Abd al-Muttalib. adopted the boy; and when the grandfather died, Mohammed's uncle, Aim Talib. a man of influence, though poor, took him into his house, and remained his best friend and protector tliroughout his life. The later tra- dition has surrounded Mohammed's youth with luireliable legends. What is known is that he at first gained a scanty livelihood by tending the flocks of the Meccans. and that he once or twice accompanied his uncle on his journeys to South Arabia and Syria. In his twenty-fifth year he entered the service of a rich widow named Kha- dija. who was also of the Koreish. and accom- panied her caravans, perhaps as a camel-driver, to the fairs. Soon Khadija, who was much older than he and twice widowed, ofl'ered him her hand, which he accepted. She bore him a son, Al- Kasim, and four daughters, Fatima, Zainab, Rukaiya, and Umni Knlthum ; and afterwards a second son, whom he called Abd Allah. Both sons died early. Mohammed conducted Khadija's business at Mecca with success, although he spent much time in solitary contemplation. He was esteemed for his integrity and good judg- ment, and there is nothing of nuich importance to be told of his life until he reached his fortieth year, and received his first revelation. The conditions attending his advent as a re- ligious leader are important. By the year 600 Christianity had penetrated Arabia through Syria and Abyssinia. .Judaism no less played a prominent part in tlie peninsula, particularly in the north, which was dotted over with Jewish colonies founded by emigrants after the destruc- tion of Jerusalem, and espcciallv round about Vathrib (Medina). That both Christianity and .rudalsm had found an entrance into the more southerly part of Arabia is shown by the mono- ( hcistic inscriptions found there. Besides these two important religious elements, several sects, rem- nants of the numerous ancient sects which had sprung up everywhere during the first Christian centuries on the borders of Syria and Babylonia, heightened the religious ferment which, shortly before the time of Alohammed, began to move the minds of the thoughtful. Certain men in the lledjaz (Waraka. Obaid Allah. Othman. Zaid. and others) began to preach the futility of the ancient paganism, with its star-worship, its pil-