Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/723

* MODENA. 645 MODERN INSTANCE. united until 15US, h lien Fi-iraru was seized as an eschcaleil lief by its overlord, tile Pope, while Modcna, with Reggio and Alirandola, remained in the possession of the House of Este. In 17JIU the Duke Ereole was dethroned by Bonaparte, and Modena, with Ferrara and Bologna, was erected into the Cispadane Republic, which in 1797 was merged in the Cisalpine Republic. By the Treaty of Lunf-ville (1801) the Duke of ilodena received the Breisgau in exchange for his duchy. On the death of Duke Ereole in 1803 the duchy devolved by marriage ujjon the House of Hapsburg. the daughter of Ereole having married Ferdinand, a son of Maria Theresa, and it was awarded by the Congress of Vienna to the son of this marriage, Francis IV., who proved a cruel despot. He married Beatrice, daughter of Victor Emmanuel I. of Sardinia. In 1831 an uprising forced him to take refuge in Austria, but he was promptly restored by Aus- trian arms, and ruled by the methods which the Hapsburg connections made familiar in all parts of Italy at that time. Francis IV. died in 1846 and was succeeded by his son, Francis V. Tlie latter has been described as hardly more than an 'Austrian deputy sheriff.' In 1848 he was forced to flee from his State, which proclaimed itself a ))art of the Sardinian Kingdom, but he was soon reinstated by Austria. He fled when war broke out in 18.59, and although it was provided by the Treaty of Zurich that he should be re- stored, the people of tlip duchy, in connuon with those of Parma, Tuscany, and the Legations, promptly declared their wish to he luiited with Sardinia in the new Kingdom of Italy, and this, being formally confirmed by a plebiscite, was done. Sec Italy. MODENA. A city in Northern Italy, for- merly tlie capital of the Duchy of Modena and now the capital of the province of the same name, sitiated in a rich gardened plain between the Panaro and the Secchia. 24 miles northwest of Bologna (Map: Italy. E 3). A navigable canal connects it with both rivers. It is a city of spa- cious streets and roomy arcades, and is divided into an old and a new part by the historic Via Emilia. (In the main piazza ri.ses the -fine Romanesque cathedral, dating from 1099, by Lan- franco. It was restored in 1893. The facade is embellished with curious sculptures. The ex- terior is also enriched by a rose wimlow, and by a colonnade encircling the whole edifice. The in- terior is at first disappointing, but is in reality imposing. There are here a good altar-piece by Dosso Dossi and a fine group by Mazzoni. The famous Campanile, dating from 1224, is over 300 feet high. It leans slightly. The Gothic Church of .San Francesco has an immense and excellent terracotta 'Descent from the Cross' by Begarelli. The Church of San Pietro is remarkable for its fine brick Renaissance facade. Modena is rich in palaces. The Palace Al- bergo Arti (1707) now holds the municipal museum, containing several interesting collec- tions. The historic librarv here — Biblioteca Es- tense. one of the most famous in Italv — has 132,000 volumes, and also over 8000 JMSS.. some of them very rare. It possesses in addition a coin collection and museum of archipology. Its picture gallery is quite well known, comprising examples by Correggio, Dosso Dossi. Ouido Reni. and Velazquez. The splendid ducal palace dating from 1G3.5 is now used for a mili- tary school. Modena has statues of Tas- soni and 'ictor Emmanuel 11., and an excellent religious group by Mazzoni. The trade of Mo- dena is not very important. There are weekly cattle markets — grain, beef, sausages, fruit, wine, and liquors being chiefly dealt in. The manufac- tures are few. Linen and woolen goods, leather, hats, vinegar, glass, and pottery are produced. Silk is woven, but less extensively than formerly. In art history Slodena is known for its terra- cottas. It is the seat of an archbishop, and has a Tiniversity, a 'Konvikt.' a military school for infantry and cavalry, a technical "institute, a technical school, an agricultural college, and an academy of fine arts. The university, founded in 1683, has three faculties, and a pharmaceutical and a veterinary school. The number of students is over 700. The public gardens are lovely, and the site of the former ramparts senes as a pleasure ground. Pojiulation (comnuine). in 1901,04,843. For history, see MooENA (ducliy). MODENA, Gustavo (1803-61). A noted Italian actor. He was born in Venice and edu- cated for the law, but was early turned to the stage and revealed extraordinary powers as a tragedian. Among his greatest impersonations' were those in the plays of, Alfieri. and several from the French, especially the role of Louis XI. Political troubles obliged him to live in exile from 1831 to 1837. In the movements of 1847 his patriotism again led him to take a prominent part. He published at this time his Dinlofihetti popolari. MODERATOR (Lat. moderator, one who reg- ulates, from iiioderare, to regulate; connected with modestus. discreet, modus, measure, and ultimately with OHG. mezan, mezzan, Ger. mes- sen, Goth, milan, A.S. metan, Eng. mete). A title given to the presiding officer on certain academic and ecclesiastical occasions. In the Congregational and Presbyterian churches of the L'nited States the title of moderator is given to the presiding officer of assemblies. In the former the title is used not only in the meetings of congregations and district. State, and triennial conventions, but also in councils called to act in a judicial capacity. The presiding officers in the series of* Church courts provided for in the Presbyterian system, viz. the session, the presby- tery, the synod, and the General Assembly, are usually called moderators. The pastor of a local cliurch is ex o/ficio moderator of the session of the church, while in the other bodies mentioned the moderators are elected from among the pres- byters. The most important function of these officers, apart from presiding at the sessions of the body, is the naming of the standing com- mittees.' The terra is also a])plied to the superin- tendent of the examinations for degrees and hon- ors at the universities of Cambridge and Oxford MODERN INSTANCE, A. A novel bv W. D. HowcUs (1881), Bartley Hubbard, the hero, a thoroughly unprinci])led, selfish fellow, origi- nally a country journalist, removed to Boston after his marriage to Alarcia Oaylord, a l)eauti- ful but passionate and undisciplined girl, Hub- bard disappears after a final quarrel, and two years later brings action for divorce in a West- ern town. There Marcin and her father, the .Tudgp. surprise him by a counter-suit, and his career ends in a shooting affray in Arizona. Though painful in its general features, it is a