Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/714

* MITTEBMAIER. 636 MIXED RACES. code. His priiaijial wuik^ have lieen translatod into many lan;;iia;.'cs. lit- liimsilf tian-.lated Francis Liebcr's Litter on Anylicun and (Jullican Liberty, and edited the German translation of the same author's Civil Liberty. MITTERWURZER, mit'ter-voorts'er. Anton ll81t?-7li). A Ccrman opera singer, one of the greatest barytone interpreters of the works of • iluck, Marschner, and Wagner. He was born at SSterzing in the Tyrol: made his first theatrical appearand at Innsbruck, and at twenty-one was engaged at Dresden, where he stayed for thirty years, and greatly inllucnced operatic methods. Alitterwurzer was at his best in such Wagnerian rrdes as Wdlfram, Telranmnd, and Hans Sachs. MITTIMUS (I.at., we send). A written war- rant or mandate issued by ;» competent judicial otlicer. directing a proper olliccr to convey safely the body of a prisoner to some jail or ])lace of confinement, and commanding the warden 1o re- ceive and keep the prisoner for a certain time, or until released by due process of law. The act of .sending the jirisoner to prison is termed the commitment, and this latter term is now- more commonly emidoved to describe the war- rant also. .iiy oHicer who disobeys such a com- mand is guilty of contempt of court. See CoM- WITMENT; ARRKST. MITTU, niit'too. An agricultural Negro tribe, akin to the lioiigo, anil living on the I'pper Nile in J^oulhern Sudan. They are of earthy red- brown color, and beknv the middle stature, but muscular. The hair is short and crisp. The lighter color of the skin would indicate a type of Hamite blood ; but they are all pagans, like the other negroes about them, and little affected by ilohammedanisni. (ioats. fowls, and dogs are their domestic animals. At certain seasons of the year they are engaged in hunting and fishing. The costume of the Mittu consists only of a fringed apron: but they are fond of deco- rating their hair and parts of the body, such as the neck, arms, and lips, with ornaments. Their weapons are bows and arrows, with jagged. murdcruMs points. They call their land Moro. MITTWEIDA, mit'vida. An industrial town of Saxony, (Jermany, situated (m the Zschopau, about ;) miles west-sovithwest of Dresden (ilap: Oerniany. E .31. It has important manufactures of cotton and woolen goods, machinery, and fur- niture. Its educational institutions include a realschule and a ti'chnical school. I'opulaticm (including Kilssgen), in lilOO. iri.Il!>, chiefiy I'rotestants, MITYLENE, mlt'Me'ne. An island of the -l-jgean. Si-c I.K.snos. MIVART, nii'vert. St. (Jkorc^k .Iackson (1827-HI(IO). . Kiigli-h zoillogist. horn in Lon- don. He was I'dui'ateil first at Harrow, then at King's Collegi'. London, and then, having lieeome a Catholic in 1H44. at .Stint Mary's College. Os- eott. He was admitted to the bar in IS.'il, but in 1862 he became lecturer on comparative anat- omy and /.oiilogy at S:iint Mary's Hospital. Lon- don, and held the chair of biologv- in the Honian Catholic l?niversitv College, Kensington, during its short career (1874-77). Knim IHltO to ISfi:! he was professor of the philosophy fif nattiral history at the I'niviTsity of I.ouvain. lielgium. He was a most enreful and competent anatomist and zoologist, and wrote n large number of very important nicmoir>. esjiecially upon the morphol- ogy and classification of vertcl)rates, and con- tributed largely lo the discussion of the question of evolution. He was prol)ably the most learned and powerful critic of Darwin and Huxley in minimizing the etlect of natural selection as a factor of evolution, and in insisting upon the ex- istence of the guiding action of divine power, es- pecially in the develo])ment of man's intellect and spiritual instinct. lie ilislinguishcd. however, between absolute and directive creation, main- taining that evolution o))erated only by means of the latter. His strength lay in natural science, and in this department he held a position of unquestioned eminence. His elforts to reconcile the facts of science with the doctrines of religion aroused wide- spread attention. In this field he published a nund>er of works, such as Lmaons from Mature as Manifrstrrl in Mind and Matter (1876) : .Ya- /»)■(■ and Thoiiyht (1882); On Truth (1889); and The drounduork of Sriener: A i<tudy of ICpistenioloyy (189S). He claimed an increasing freedom of thought which ultimately took him Ix-yond what were considered in the Church the hounds of permissible speculation, and after a series of magazine articles dealing with the rela- tions between science and faith which ran through the years 1885-1900. he was finally ex- coMuuunicated by Cardinal Vaughan in .lanuarv, 11100. lie died April 1st of the same year. His more impintant works in natural science are: The Genesis of l^peeics (1871) ; .Von and Apes (187:i); The Common Frog (1874); The Cat ( 1881 1 : Dnfis. ./arkals. ^ynlres. and Forres ( 1890). MIXED CADENCE (in music). The pecu- liar closing strains of a melody, formed by the suc- cession of the subdomimint. dominant, and tonic chords. It is the most frequently use<l of any of the ca<lences. See C.^dknce. MIXED RACES. Races which are blends of various dllicr laics. Of the factors which have been most potent in producing the varieties of man which we find on earth to-day. probably en- vironment and crossbreeding must be assigned the first place. Unfortunatidy, neither one has been investigated with siifliiMcnt care to allow an accu- rate estimate of its specific intluciu'c. Further, the lack of any agreement aimuig anthropologists as to a classification of hum:in races complicates the problem, and until that agreement is reached, confusion in the discussion is inevitable. Certain general observations may, however, be permitted. With regi>rd to crnss-lireeding, it is undoubted that extensive migrations, with eonse- (pient blood mixtures, have been going on for an indefinite period. Ac<'urate observation of ana- tomical anil physiological characteristics of cer- tain rather restricted groups, as in Kurope. re- veals a variability in fliese characters which has led some observers to conclude that a pure race does not exist at the present time. Recognizing these disturbing facts, however, any one will ad- mit that there are certain types which are rela- tively permanent. We ri'gard the fair white Kuropean as dilTcring permanently from the Ne- gro, and both of these equally permanently from the typical .Mongol. It is also a matter of com- mon observation that mixture of any two of these types will prixluce a third, less distinctive, of course, but not to 1m> included in either parent type. The real problem of hybridity as applied