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* MITRE. 635 MITTERMAIEB. Deputy to the Asspiiilily of Buenos Ayres, he strongly opposed the ailniinislialion of L'l'qiiiza, who was now at the heaii of the Argentine Confed- eration. Vhen suljsequentlv Buenos Ayres had set up an independent government, he was appointed minister of war and eommanderiuehief of the forces. He was defeated Ijy Ur<piiza at Cepechi in 1859, and Buenos Ayres was forced to rejoin the Confederation. In 18G1 war again hrol<e out, and Urquiza was defeated hy Mitre at I'avon. A constituent congress was then assenil)U^d, tile present Constitution of the Argentine Ke- public was adopted, and under it Mitre was chosen President for six years. By his care im- portant internal improvements were promoted and foreign inniiigration was encouraged. When in 1865 war was declared against the Republic by the Paragviayan Dictator Lopez, Jlitre ef- fected an alliance with Brazil and Uruguay, and commanded the united armies until 1807. In lS7-t, having failed as a candidate for the Presi- dency, he headed an inetVectual revolt. He founded at Buenos Ayres the newspaper La Nacion, which he long edited; published a volume of verse, liimas y poesias (1879), and wrote two valuable historical works, the Hisioria de lielg-rano (1857) and Histoi'ia de iSrm Martin (IStiO). MITRE, The. A former London tavern, the favorite meeting-place of Dr. Samuel Johnson, Boswell, and other celebrities. It stood on Fleet Street, and other well-known taverns of the same name were situated on Wood Street and Fenchurch Street, both destroyed in the great fire of 1660. MITRE SHELL. A gastropod of the genus Mitra. family ilitridie. The shells are very beau- tiful and much prized by collectors, the favorite being the 'bishop's mitre' {Mitra episcopnlis) . The shell is turreted, smooth, white, spotted with bright red ; pillar, four-plaited ; outer lip den- ticulated at its lower part ; epidermis thin. It is found in East Indian seas. In this genus the shell is fusiform, thick; spire elevated, acute; aperture small, notched in front; columella ob- liquely plaited; operculum very small. The ani- mal has a very long proboscis, and when irri- tated emits a purple liquid having a very of- fensive smell. Over 400 recent and 100 fossil species have been described. These nioUusks are found at depths varying from the surface to 17 fathoms, on reefs, sandy mud, and sands. All are inhabitants of warm countries, notably the East Indian and Philippine regions. MITROWITZ, mit'ro-vits, or Mitrovicza. A town of Southern Hungary, in the Comitate of Szcrem, situated on the Save, 40 miles west of Belgrade. It has a high school, considerable trade in grain and wine, and contains ruins of the old Roman citv of ^inniiiin. Population, in 1000, 11,518. MITSCHERLICH, mit'sher-IlK, Eit.ii.RD (1794-186.3). A distingnislied German chemist. born at Xeuende, near .Tever. In 1811 he pro- ceeded to the University of Heidelberg, where, as well as at Paris and GJlttingcn, he devoted himself to history, philolog-. Oriental languages, and the natural sciences and medicine. After- wards he turned his attention to chemistry, and while working under Link at Berlin he first ob- served the similarity in the crystalline form of those phosphates and arsenates similar in ehemi- VOL. XIII.— 11. eal composition. He then set to work measur- ing crystals of a large number of substances, and was able to establish, about 1820, the principle of isomorphism. The importance o£ the discovery was fully recognized by Berzelius, on whose invitation >lilsclierlich went to Stock- holm, remaining there until 1821, when on the death of Klaproth he was appointed to the va- cant chair of chemistry at Berlin. One of his earliest discoveries after his appointment was that of the double crystalline form of sulphur, the first observed case of dimorphism. He fur- ther discovered seleiiic and p<'niiaiiganie acids and nitro-benzene; studied the formation of ethers, the phenomena of fermentation, etc. Hi.s principal work is his Lehrbuch der Chemie. begun in 1829 (ed. 4, Berlin. 1842-47). His papers on various scjentific topics appeared in Poggendorff's Annalen, in the Ainiales de chimie et de physique, and in the Ablnindluniien of the Academy of Berlin. A complete edition of his works was published at Berlin in 1S96. Mitscher- lieh was an honorary member of almost all the great scientific societies, and received the gold medal from the Royal Society of London for his discovery of the law- of isoinorphism. Consult Rose, Eilhard Mitsclierlich (Berlin, 1864), See V i:k.mi.stry, section on llmltnti. paragraph Gen- eral Chemistry. MITTAG-LEEFLER, mit'tag-lei'ler, Magxcs Go.ST., Baron von (1846 — ). A Swedish mathe- matician, born at Stockholm. He studied mathe- matics at Upsala and later under Weierstrass at Berlin. He began his teaching as tutor at Upsala in 1872, and five years later became pro- fessor of mathematics at Helsingfors. In 1881 he was made professor of mathematics at the University of Stockholm, and subsequently was several times its rector. He was made a mem- ber of the Academy of Sciences of Sweden in 1883. His mathematical contributions are con- nected chiefly with the theory of functions. In 1882. under the patronage of King Oscai', he founded the Aela Maihematiea, at present one of the leading mathematical journals of the world. The historical part of this journal has since 1887 been published separately by Enes- trijm as the Bihliotheea Mathematica. It was Mittag-Lefller's ap]ireciation of Sonya Kovalev- sky's (q.v. ) work that took her to Stockholm. MITTERMAIER, mtt'ter-mT'er, Karl Jo- .SEPH Anton (1787-1867). A German jurist; born in Munich, and educated at the univer- sities of Landeshut and Heidelberg. He was a professor at Bonn for two years, 1819-21 ; but the rest of his life was passed as professor of law and jurisprudence at Heidelberg. For many years he was a member of the Baden Legislature, and in 1848 he was president of the Frankfort Vorparlament, serving afterwards as representa- tive of the city of Baden in the German Na- tional Assembly. His greatest claim to dis- tinction lies in his extensive writings on juris- prudence, among which is a complete mantial of criminal law. Das deutsche fUrnfverfahren. and he was an earnest advocate of reform in the German criminal procedure and in pri.son disci- pline. The number of his pulilished writings is very large. inclu<ling many treatises on branches of law. discussions on all the important ques- tions of his time connected with jurisprudence, and especially on trial by jury and the penal