Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/67

* MARCHING. 47 MARCOMANNI. Marching Austria Kn^land Kriiui-e GerniaDy Italy Russia United States. Infantry Average per minute (paces) 115 llfi lao 114 116 118 120 Average per hour (miles) 3 3 3 3 2^4 3 3 Cavalry (Averag:e miles per hour) i i 3% 4 4 Trot 8'/4 8 8 7% 7 8 Artillery Avera^iie per hour (miles) 3% 31/i 3V4 3V4 3 3V' 3Mi Average per hour (miles) 3 3 2% 3 2V4 3 3 MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. A widely popular ballad of tlic Civil War, begin- ning "liring the good old bugle, boys." It com- lueuKi rates Sherman's famous march to the sea, and was written by H. C. 'ork soon after the march eonimenoed, on November IG, 1864. MARCHIONESS, The. In Dickens's Old Curiosity iSliop, a small servant to Sampson Brass, and a friend of Dick Swiveller. MARCIANISE, milr'che-a-ne'ze. A town in the Province of Caserta, Italy, 18 miles by rail from Naples, in a low, unhcalthful plain, where are several small lakes (Map: Italy, J 6). The raising of fruits and grain constitutes the prin- cipal industry. Population, in 1901 (commune), 12,785. MARCION, miir'shon. A second century Christian, classed among the heretics. He was born in Sinope, Pontus, and died after 160. About the year 140 he came to Rome, where he fell under the iuHuence of the Syrian Cerdon, from whom his (inostic ideas were perhaps derived, and here he founded his church. He afterwards trav- eled through the East, visiting Rome again in the episcopate of Anicetus ( 1 .'54- Ui.5 ) . Nothing is known of his later life. His disciples, chief among whom was Apelles, continued his work, and Alarcionite churches were soon to be found scattered over North Africa, Gaul, Asia Minor, and Egypt. It is said that Polycarp (q.v.) once met Mar- cion in the streets of Rome and saluted him as "the first-born of Satan.' In this he gave expres- sion to the general sentiment of the Church, for Marcion was attacked by almost every orthodox •writer from -Tustin onward. Yet Marcion regarded himself in the light of a reformer. He believed that Christianity marked an essen- tially new dei)artnre. but that it had already become corrupted through the admixture of Jewish elements. These nuist be purged out. For him Paul was the only true Apostle, because he alone thoroughly alijured .Judaism. The.se principles appear in Marciou's Scripture canon — the earliest Cliristian collection known — which embraced one Oospel (Luke, without the intro- ductory part, which was Mewish") and ten of Paul's Epistles (omitting those of Timothy and Titus). Church writers accused him, with ap- parent justice, of 'mutilating' the Scriptures, llis own chief work, entitled Aiilithcsrs. set forth the alleged contradictions between Law and Gos- pel. The Creator of the Old Testament was rep- resente<l as a cruel and vindictive being, wholly ililTerent from the God of love, revealed through Christ. iMarcion's (hrist(dogy was docetic. i.e. he taught that Christ sudered only in appear- ance. (See DocET.K.) His ethics resulted in a severe asceticism. His Gnostic tendency appears in the dualistic tenet that man's body cannot be saved, only his spirit, which is the opposite of matter. This was a striking departure from the conmion Christian belief. An attempt has recently been made to prove anti-Mar- cionite inlluence in the formulation of the old Roman symbol, which lies at the basis of the Apostles' Creed. The Marcionite Church was completelj' organized, having its clergj', its rites, and its Scriptures. The sacrament of bap- tism was administered much as in the orthodox Church, but in the Eucharist water was substi- tuted for wine. In the East Marcionite churches are found as late as the sixth century, but in the West they disappeared earlier, being absorbed by the more virile Manicha-ans. (See MANit'ii.»:iSM.)i Their downfall was due in part to ecclesiastical opposition, and in part to hostile legislation un- der Christian emperors from Constantine on- ward. In the persecutions through which they passed, not a few Marcionites suffered a mar- tyr's death, and the property of their churches was declared forfeited to the Catholic Church. For information as to the surviving fragiuents of Marcion's works, consult: Kriigcr, History of Early Cliristian Literature (New York, 1897) ; Cruttwell, Literary History of Early Christianity (London, 18113). Among the sources consult the interesting work of Tertullian, Against Marcion, trans, in The Ante-Xicene Fathers, vol. iii., ed. by Roberts and Donaldson (American edition). In general, consult: Harnack. History of Dogma, vol. i. (London, 1894) ; Smith and Wace, Diction- ary of Christian Biography, article "Marcion." MARCO BOZZARIS. A well-known poem by Fitz-tircene Halleck on the death of the Greek patriot Bozzaris (q.v.). It appeared in the Xew York Review in 182.5. First line: "At midnight in his guarded tent." MARCO DA OGGIONE, miii'ko dil 6d-jo'na. An Italian painter. See Uuiilo.NE, Maucu ua. MAR'COMAN'NI (Lat., from QllQ . * M arka- maii. border-man, from marca, border + nan, man). An ancient German people who, in the time of C:rsar, lived along the banks of the Rhine, but afterwards, as appears from Tacitus and Strabo. settled in Bohemia, from which they expelled the Boii. Their King. Maroboduus, en- tered into an alliance with the tril)es living aroinid them to defend Germany against the Ro- mans. The combined forces of the alliance num- bered 70.000 men, and the Emperor Tiberius signed a treaty with them in a.d. fi; but the Marcomaunic alliance was beaten eleven years later by the Cherusci and their allies; and in 19 the (lOthic Catualda drove Maroboduus from the throne, and himself usurped the sovereignty. But he was soon overthrown, and the native dynasty established, under whose rule the Mar-