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* MISSIONS. 597 MISSIONS. of education among illiterate and degraded races, together with the addition of great territories to the area of the world's commerce. To this nmst lie added the work done hy missions in charitable care for the sick, the blind, the lepers, and outcasts of every class. Bini.iooRAriiY. The reports of the societies, annals of particular missions, and lives of in- dividual missionaries, constitute a great mass of material. A bibliography of this literature to the end of 1890 by Samuel Macauley Jackson may be found in Bliss, Encyclopwdin of Missions (New York, 1891), continued by Dennis in his Foreign Missions After a Cenlnry (New York, 1893). For a general view of the missionary operations of various societies and discussions of the theory of missions, consult the Report of the Ecumenical Conference of 1900 (New York, 1900), which has a good brief bibliography in its appendi.x. Grudemann's Missions-Atlas (Cahv. 1896) gives a good series of maps of the operations of the larger societies of Europe and America. For the history of Protestant missions, consult : Blundiardt, Versnch finer all- gcnieinen Missionsfieschichte der Kirchv Christi (Basel, 1828-37) ; Kalkar, Geschichte der christ- lichen Missirm unter den Heiden (Giitersloh, 1879) : Warneek, Abriss einer Geschichte der protrstdnfischen Missionen von der Reformation bis aiif die Gef/enivart (2d ed., Leipzig, 1873: Eng. trans, by Robson. Outline of the History of Prnlrstiint Missions, 7th ed., Edinburgh, 1901) ; (iiiirge Smith. Short History of Christian Mis- sions (Edinburgh. 1890). For the study of the mission fields and the results of missions, consult: Christian Missions and Social Progress (3 vols., Xi'W Y'ork, 1900-01) ; the appendix to this work, I ■ iitennial Survey of Foreign. Missions (New Y'ork, 1901 ), has a very complete collection of statistics ; consult, also. Bliss, Encyclopwdia of Missions (New Y'ork, 1891). Gibson, Mission Problems and Mission Methods in Sotith China (London. 1901). gives a good view of mission methods illustrated from the field. For more general discussion, consult: Clarke. A Study of Christian Missions (New Y'^ork, 1900) ; Churton, Foreign Missions (London, 1901); Pierson. The Modern Missions Century (New Y'ork. 1901) : Hodgkins. Via Christi: An Intro- duction to the Study of Missions (New York, 1901) : Montgomery, Foreign Missions (London, 1901 ) ; Lawrence. Modern Missions in the East (Chicago. 1901) ; Hurray, The Key to the Mis- sionary Problem (New Y'ork, 1902) ; Speer, Mis- sionary Principles and Practice (New York, 1902); Beach. Geography and Atlas of Prot- estant Missions (New York. 1902-03). For the spread of the Church during the first three centuries, the authoritative history is War- neck. Die Mission ttnd Ausbreitung des Chris- tenthums in den ersten drei Jahrhundcrten (Leipzig. 1902). For medical missions, consult: Lowe. Medical Missions (London. 1887) ; Pen- rose, Opportunities in the Path of the Great Physician (Philadelphia. 1902). B. Roman Catholic FoREKi.v Missions. (1) Central Administration, (a) The Congrega- tion of the Propaganda. — In a general way the direction of all Roman Catholic missions is vested by the Holy See in the Roman Cnncrega- tion De Propaganda Fide, established in 1022 for Roman Catholic missions by Gregory XV. It consists to-dav of twentv-five cardinals, with a cardinal prefect as their head, and a number of prelates and consulturs in charge of the various details of administration. The Congregation has at Kome its own palace or bureau., a college, a library and museum, a polyglot printing-press, and certain fixed revenues, chielly from domestic or Italian sources. The various missions are distributed by it according to the character of its subjects and the nature of the religious orders to which they belong. It settles finally all dis- putes between missionaries, whether they regard territorial jurisdiction or the conduct of the missionary work. The regular reports made by missionary bishops or superiors to the Holy See pass through the Congregation, and in general it acts as agent for missionaries in all matters that regularly pertain to other Roman Congregations; e.g. questions of Tridentine law, marriage and divorce, criminal questions, and the like. Its principal meeting is on the first Monday of every month. A weekly meeting is regularly held for minor matters. Among the most imi)ortant at- tributes of this Congregation is the selection of bishops. Vhere there is a regularly established hierarchy, a list of three names is submitted to the Propaganda with all the documents pertain- ing thereto. These candidates are diseus.sed in the regular monthly assembly of all the resident cardinals, and he who seems the most worthy is proposed to the Pope. This privilege of recom- mendation, in whatever way it be exercised, dif- fers entirely from the election of a bishop, which belongs to cathedral churches by virtue of the regular canon law. In some countries, as in Canada, and formerly in the United States, the provincial bishops alone repommend the three candidates. In other countries, as in England, Scotland, and Ireland, the clergy or the chapter ( i.e. the canons of the cathedral ) . as the superior part of the clergy, draw up a list which the bishops of the province confirm with their appro- bation or reject with animadversion on one or the other, or all, of the candidates. Elsewhere, as in the United States since 1SS4. and in Aus- tralia, the clergy or representative part of the clergy recommend three names to the bishops of the province, who in turn recommend these or others to the Holy See. When there is no regular hierarchy, vicars apostolic are aj)pointed, with episcopal character, from a list of three names drawn up by the superiors of the religious in- stitute or Order to which the care of the faithful such action the Po|)e appoints a vicar apostolic on recommendation of the Propaganda. On account of the rapid growth of Catholicism, chiefly in English-speaking countries, (he ollice of Cardinal Prefect of the Propaganda has become one of the most important and resjionsible of the great eurial offices; he is often called the 'Red Pope.' The College of the Propaganda is an institution attached to the Congregation fiu- the purpose of training its missionaries from their very youth. It owes its first beginnings to the Spaniard .lohn Baptist Vives. who bequeathed to it his palace at Rome and made it his heir. Since 1022 the original foundation has been greatly enlarged. L^rban VIII. was a notable benefactor of the work (1641) ; hence it bears the name of Col- legium- Urbanum. Some canons of the Lateran Church were the first teachers of the young mis- sionaries, but the college soon passed into the complete control of the new Congregation. It I
 * has been already conniiitted. In the absence of