Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/561

* MILL. 507 MILLBANK PRISON. Saint Andreics (18(17); Enghind and Irehind (ISliS); and The tiuhjection of Momcn (18(i!l). AI'Ut liis death appeared liis Aulobioyrdfjliy (1S73) and Three A's.wi/.s on I'elitiion .S74). Jii pliilosupliy he was an empirieist, sensational- ist, and assoeiationalist. in etiiios lie was a utilitarian, but dei)arled from the utilitarianism of Hentham by reeognizing dilTerences in quality as .well as in quantity of pleasures. "It is (piite compatible," he says, "with the principle of utility to recognize the fact that some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and mine valua- ble than others. It is better to be a human being dissatislicd than a pig satisfu'd ; belter to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied." In political theory ilill was a modified individualist, believing that every man should be allowed all liberty compatible with the liberty of his fellows. The tendency of modern thought has been so far away from individualistic standards that Mill's renown has been somewhat ol)seured ; but liis inlhience on his own generation would be diflieult to overestimate. His greatest work, however, was in logic, to which he added a fruit- ful treatment of the subject of induction (q.v.). His work in this science was consideral)lv im- paired by his scnsationalistic empiricism, but when everything is taken into account, it must stand alongside that of Aristotle and of Hegel. His book was for many years the standard au- thority among those who shared his general standpoint in qviestions of philosophy, though it was keenly criticised from the opposite camp by Whewe'll and V. (}. Ward. Consult: Bourne, TAfe of J. .S'. Mill (London, 1S7;!) : Cairnes. .). .S'. Mill ( ib.. 1873) ; Courtney, Metuphi/sics of J. S. Mill ( ib., 1870); T. H. Green. The Loyic of .J. iS'. Mill, in Green's ^Yorks, vol. ii. (ib.. 1880) ; Gomperz, ./. .S'. Mill (Vienna, 1889): Courtney, Life of J. 8. Mill (London. 188!)): DouLdas'. John tihinrt Mill, ti Hludy of Hix I'hilosuphii (ib., 180.5) : id.. The Ethics of John Sluuit Mill (ib., 1897); Watson. An Out- line of Philosophy (Glasgow, 1898); Stejilien, The Enylish Vtiliiaridns (London, 1900) ; Albee, History of Enylish Vtilitarianism (ib., 1902). Douglas's two works are especially to be com- mended to the reader who wishes to get in com- pact form a statement of Jlill's doctrines in his own words. MILLAIS, mil-la', Sir John Everett (1829- !l(i). . Knglish genre, landscape, and portrait painter. He was born at Stmtliampton, .June 8, 1829, and was brought up in the lsh> of .Jersey. In lS:i7 he received his first instruction in art from Bessel, a drawing-teacher at Southampton. Ill IS.'JS and 1839 he studied at the School of Henry Sass in Bloomsbuiy, and the following years at the Royal Academy, in which he carried off every prize, receiving a gold medal in 1847. Tn 1848 he became associated with William Holman Hunt. Dante Gabriel Ro.^<etfi. and others in the formation of the Pre- Raphaelite Brotherhood (q.v.). His work at- tracted the attention of Ruskin. for whom he made some architectural designs, and whose por- trait he painted. In 18.5.5 he married Buskin's divorced wife. He was made associate member of the Royal Academy in 1854 and member in 1803. From 1800 to'l870 he was employed as illustrator, and among other books illustrated Tennyson's poems and Trollope's novels. He re- ceived a medal of honor at the Paris E.position Vol. XIII,— 33. in 1878 and was an lionorary niemlier of several foreign academies. He was kniglited in 1S85, and a few months before his death, which occurred in l.niidon. Aiigu>t 13, 1890, he was made president of the Royal Academy. Aside from his landscapes and portraits, his subjects include Scrijitural, historical, and legend- ary themes, scenes from every-day life, and a few- national in character, such as "Xbe Rescue" (1855), painted in honor of the London firemen. From 1847 to 1853 his work is strongl.v inlluenced by Pre-Rai>haelite theories anil aroused much criticism. Works of this period are: "Isabella" (1849); "Christ in the House of His Parents" (1850); "Ophelia" (1852); "The Proscribed Royalist" (1853) ; "The Huguenot" (18.52), Bir- mingham Art Gallery. Afti^- 1855 his work de- veloped greater individuality and breadth. His landscapes betra.v the ardent nature lover; his portraits are painted with sympathetic fidelity. From 1870 on be gave most of his time to por- trait painting, his sitters including Gladstone (Xational tiallcry) ; Leech, Lord Beaconsfield and Wilkie Collins, in the Xational Portrait Gal- lery; Carlyle, .John Bright, Irving, Tennyson, and others. His landscapes include: "Spring" (1858); "Chill October" (1871); "The Vale 'of Rest" (1878); "Dew-Drenched Furze" (1881), Xational Ciallery of British Art. Other import- ant pictures are: "The Northwest Passage" (1874) ; "Eve of Saint Agnes" (1803), National Gallery of British Art: "Efiie Deans;" "The Black Brunswicker" (1800) ; "A Yeoman of the Guard" (1877) ; the "Bride of Lammermoor," in the William H. Vanderliilt collection : ".Saint Stephen" (1891) ; "Speak! Speak!" (1891) : "A Disciple" ( 1891 ), all in the National Gallery of British Art. Consult: Millais' Life and Letters, by J. G. ilillais (London, 1899) ; Baldry, Millais: His Art and Influence (ib., 1899) ; Spielmann, Millais and His Works (ib., 1898). MILLAMANT. In Congieve's Way of the M'orhl. a willful coquette, sought by Mirabel. The character is uiodelcd on that of Celim&ne in Jloli&re's Misan thropc. MILLAtr, me'l.V. or MILHAU. The capital of an arrondissement in the De]iartment of Ave.y- ron, France, 74 miles by rail from Beziers (^lap: France. .J 7). Its chief building of interest is the Romanesque Church of Notre Dame, with its sixteenth century tower. The town is the centre of a cattle-raising and grape-growing section and has a variety of manuf.Tctures, particularly of kid gloves. IMillau was the Roman .Emilianum Castrum; during the religious wars it was a stronghold of Calvinism, and Louis XITI. de- stroyed its ancient castle and walls in 1629. Population, in 1901. 18,701. MILLBANK PEISON. A famous London penitentiary in Wist minster, facing the Thames. Tt was built in 1812 (finished in 1821) in ac- cordance with the iihins of Howard and Bentham. It could shelter 1100 inmates and was so con- structed that from a central room cverv cell could be seen. The confinement was solitary-. Those sentenced to penal servitude serA-ed a term here first. The prison was closed in 1890 and the buildings torn down in 1891. Consult Grif- fifths, Memorials of Millhank (2d ed., London, 1894).