Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/550

* MILITAKY POLICE. 496 MILITARY TERRITORIES. High Commissioiur, as are also the forces of the BtiJiUiiiialand Froteclorate and Basutohiiul. Similar forces arc maintained throughout the Gerinau possessions in Kast and Southwest Af- rica. Sec PitovosT Maksiial. MILITARY PRISON. A prison set apart for military prisoners. In the United States soldiers sentenced by court-martial to long terms of imprisonment are sent to the military prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. Short terms of punishment are usually served at the prison of some post in the department. The same system ohtains in Kngland. MILITARY PUNISHMENTS. See Min- TAUV Law. MILITARY RESERVATION, Uniteu States. A term api)licil lo every military post, station, or other locality selected and set apart for present or future military occupation. De- partment commanders supervise all such reserva- tions within their territory, and are responsible that trespass and damage are prevented. They are also required to see that every consideration is given to their care, preservation, and adorn- ment, and that every available means is em- ployed to make them attractive homes for the army. The grounds are improved as far as possible. Where the reservations are of con- siderable extent or suflicicntly practicable, they are stocked with game, and stringent rules made for the protection of native singing birds. Lands reserved for military use, and military ])Osts temporarily evacuated by troops, are luidcr charge of the ((uartermaster's ilepartmcnt. Per- manent works of defense, and lands appurtenant thereto, are under the direction and charge of the engineer department. MILITARY SCHOOLS. See Military Edu- cation : .Mii.rri!v Ac'AiiKMY, United St.vtes. MILITARY SCIENCE, This subject may l)e divided into fnur general branches: Slratefj;/, or the .science of nian(euvring an army while out of the fire of the enemy upon points the possession of which is of importance to both sides; tactics, or the art by which strategical plans are carried into effect; engineering, or the art of disposing troo|)s and arranging or re- moving obstacles; and liigiatir/i, or the art of miiving and sup|)lying an army. These subjects will be found fully treated under the separate heads. MILITARY SERVICE rNSTITXTTION OF THE UNITED STATES. An ..igaiiization of olliccrs of tlic I iiil<'d States l!i'gular Army and allied forces. a.ssociatcd for professional im- ])rovemeiit, the interchange of views upon mili- tary matters, and such topics in general as may be calculated lo promote the best interests of the army of the United States. In IS"" General Stanley. General Fry. General Rodenbough. and Colonel Lieber issued a circular reijuesling the presence of the olliccrs in the army at a meeting to consider the practicability of forminu' an assn- ciatiirt] similar to the Royal United S<'rvice In- stitution of Great Britain, .bout forty oflUers responiled, and in 1S78 the Military Service In- stitution was organixed. with General Hancock as president. Snbseqirent presidents have been Generals Sehofield. Miles, and Ruger. The liead- Juarters of the Institution are at Governor's sland, N. V. The -lournal of the Hililnry Ser- vice Institution published its (irst number in January, 188U, and is devoted to regimental histories and the discussion of contemj)orary mililary questions, domestic and foreign. It is universally regarded as a publication of great international importance in its own domain. Under the management of the publication com- mittee, jirize essays ui)on imiiortaut military subjects have been a prominent annual feature. The library of the Institution contained in ino;i nearly 20.000 volumes, among which are many rare books and manuscripts. There is ahso a valuable collection of military relics and tro- jdiics. MILITARY TENURE, See Tenure. MILITARY TERRITORIES OF FRENCH SUDAN. The ollicial name of three territories comprising the eastern part of the African re- gion formerly known as French Sudan (q.v. ), and extending from the eastern b(mndarv of French Senegal and French Guinea to Lake (had, and from the northern borders of Nigeria. Da- homey, Togo, the Gold Coast, and the Ivory Coast, northward into the Sahara Desert (.Map: Africa. D 3). The total area is estimated at over 250.000 square miles, and the poinilation at 2,700,000. The first of the three territories covers the region around Timbuktu, including the towns of Yatenga, Dori, and Macini. The second comprises the Middle Niger region, incluit ing the greater part of the area within the beinl of the Niger, with residences at Mossi and tin- runsi. In its eastern boundary are the Niger and Dahomey; on the west the territory extends tu the Sankarani Kivcr; on the south it is bordered by the (Jold Coast and by the Ivory Coast geuer ally along the parallel of latitude 10° N. The third territory, organized December 20, ISll'.i, enibraces all the territory between the Niger and Lake Chad, with the towns of Koni and Maradi. Its headquarters are at Zinder. It e.xtends into the Sahara on the north, reaches the Wadai on the east, and is bordered by Nigeria on the south. The territories are now (1003) administered by three ollicers, assisted by residents under the supervision of the Governor-General of French West Africa (q.v.). However, a French decree dated October 4. 1!)02, proposes to group the Middle Niger region (chielly embraced in the second military territory as above describeil I with the region of the upper Senegal Kivcr and with the Senegal Protectorate, so as to form a new ;i(lministrative and tinaneial unit under the name of the "Territory of Senegaudiia and the Niger." This decree also proposes for the future some changes in the system of administration. The expense of the region to the mother cnuu- try is somewhat heavy, especially for military needs. The army numbered S400 in 1001. about one-half natives. The region of these territories is little known. .Many pm-tions are considered very fertile, and full of agrieullural and eom- mercial possibilities. Tli(> Freiieh arc preparing to make systematic and extensive investigations into these subjects, as well as into that nf the poi)ulation. The climate in general is not un- liealthful. The natives raise rice, millet, and wheat. In the cotmtrA- around Tindinktii (q.v.) and south into the land of the Mossi has sprung up an active commerce since the entry of the French into the region. Timbuktu is a centre of