Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/547

* MILITARY INSIGNIA. 493 MILITARY LAW. Braid insignia for uvuieuatr, made of Hat black mohair suiitai-lic braid onf-eiglilb of an inrli in witltli. follows tile form of the braid insignia for dress coals, but is applied with the base resting at lower end of the sleeve. Epaulets. — For general olTicers — Of gold with solid crescent, the only device being the coat of arms of the United States embroidered in gold. Shoulder Knots. — Of gold wire cord one-fourth inch in diameter, formed of three cords in four plaits and rounded top, fmishcd with small gilt regulation button; about five and one-half inches long, extending from the seam of the sleeve to the seam of the collar: slightly stiliened with a flexible backing which is covered with cloth of the color of the coat and made detachable. Shoulder straps are as follows : General — Dark- blue cloth, one and three-eighths inches and four inches long, bordered with an embroidery of gold, one-quarter of an inch wide; two silver embroid- ered stars of five rays each and gold end^roidered "-•irnis of the United States" between them. Lieutenant-tlcneral — Dark-blue cloth, one and three-eighths inches wide and four inches long, borilered with an embroidery of gold onc-cjuarter of an inch wide, three silver-embroidered stars of five rays each, one star in the centre of the strap and one at each end, equidistant between the centre and outer edge of the strap, the centre star to be the largest. Major-General — The same as for a lieutenant-general, except that there are two stars instead of three ; the centre of each star to be one inch from the outer edge of the gold embroidery on the ends of the straps; both stars of the same size. Brigadier-General — The same as for a major-general, except that there is one star instead of two at the centre of the strap. Colonel — The same as for a brigadier-general, omitting the star, with a silver embroidered spread eagle on the centre of the strap, two inches between the tijis of the wings, having in the right talon an olive branch and in the left a bundle of arrows; an escutcheon on the breast as represented in the "Arms of the United States." Color of the cloth of the straps to be that selected for the trimming of the uniforms. Lieutenant-Colonel — The same as for a colonel, according to corps, department, or arm, of serv- ice, omitting the eagle, with a silver embroidered leaf at each end, each leaf extending seven-eighths of an inch from the end of the strap. Major — The same as for a lieutenant-colonel, with a gold embroidered leaf at each end, instead of silver leaf; each leaf extending seven-eighths of an inch from the end of the strap. Captain — The same as for a major, omitting the leaves; at each end two silver embroidered bars of the same width as the border, placed parallel to the ends of the strap; the distance between them and the border equ.nl to the width of the border. First Lieuten- ant — The same as for a captain: at each end one silver endiroidered bar of the same width as the border, placed parallel to the ends of the strap, at a distance from the border equal to the width of the border. Second Lieutenant — The same as for a first lieutenant, omitting the bars, .ddi- tional Second Lieutenant — The same as for a second lieutenant. Chaplain — Of dark-blue cloth of the usual size and pattern, with a plain Latin cross of silver in the centre. Corps badges were first employed during the Civil War and proved to be an extremely valu- able means of identification. The devices em- ployed include a triangle (Fourth Army Corps) ; the star and crescent (Seventh) ; a six-pointed star (Eighth) ; an acorn (Fourteenth) ; an arrow (Seventeenth); a maltese cross (Nineteenth); a shield (Twenty-third). The device for Wilson's cavalry corps consisted of crossed swords sur- mounted by a carbine. The Signal Corps was distinguished by the crossed flags and torch. Division headi|uarters were marked by a square Hag upon which was a badge ilesignating the character of the headquarters. The old Twen- tieth Corps did not at first wear a badge, but when the new Twentieth was formed by the con- solidation of the Eleventh and I'welfth Army Corps, it adopted the badge of the Twelfth, a five-pointed star. During the Spanish-American War the various corps were distinguished by the following corps badges: Artillery Corps, crossed conical projectiles, with round shot above the centre; Cavalry Corps, a winged horse-foot; First Corps, the letter "I" inclosed in a circle; Second Corps, a four-leaf clover; Third Corps, a three- toothed clutch ; Fourth Corps, a caltrop ; Fifth Corps, a five-bastioned fort ; Sixth Corps, a six- spoke hub; Seventh Coriw, a seven-pointed star; Eighth Corps, two overlapping circles, very much resembling the figure eight; Ninth Corps, a nine- toothed buzz-saw ; Tenth Corps, two triangles point to point ; Eleventh Corps, same design as for the Tenth Corps, with thi' addition of a horizontal bar through the centre : I'welfth Corps, a square with a clover-leaf at each corner; Thir- teenth Corps, a palm-leaf: Fourteenth Corps, a square with half circles on each side; Fifteenth Corps, a bugle; Sixteenth Corp^. a spear-head: Seventeenth Corps, a battle-axe; Eighteenth Corps, an arch. The color of the symbol deter- mines the division of the corps, as: red. First Division; white, Second Division: blue. Third Division. Such badges are worn on the hat or cap. Commissioned officers wear them on the left breast, and not on the hat. See Uniforms, MlLIT.^RY AND NaV.L ; AlGUILLETTES ; ChEV- B0K.-5 ; etc. MILITARY JUSTICE, Bi reau of. See Military Law. MILITARY LAW. That part of the law of the land which prescribes and enforces the public obligations of persons in the military service. The civil law not being adequate for the govern- ment of the militai-y community, peculiar laws and institutions have been framed for its regu- lation, which invest military authority with the right to punish oll'enders who are under military rule for ofl'enses contrary to military discipline, or breaches of military duty, the essential object being to maintain order and discipline in the army. Every country that maintains a standing army generally enacts articles for its govern- ment, and confers special and limited powers upon the military authorities to enable them to enforce their provisions. The Constitution of the United States confided to Congress the power to keep np a standing army, and to make rules and regulations for its government. Under this grant Congress has en- acted ".rticles of War" and other similar enact- ments which together constitute the statutory military law of the United States. These statutes deal not only with military offenses and punishments, but also with the constitution, composition, jurisdiction, and procedure of mili- tary courts. The power of the President to issue