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* MICHELET. 438 MICHELSON. observer and niroly a dispassionate judge. Wichelct's style, like his history, lacks con- tinuity, it is striking ratiier than flowing, proceeds by leaps and bounds, appeals by rhythm as well as thought to emotion rather than reason. Micholct died at Hj-feres. February 5. 1874. An edition of Michelet's Works in 40 volumes ( 1895 et seq. ) is nearly completed. Besides tlie auto- biograpliioal Ma jeuiiesse (Paris, 1884) and Mon journal ( ib., 1888), consult for his life: Simon (ib., 1880). Correard (ib., 1886), ilonod (ib., 1897), Brunhes (ib., 1898), and JIadame Quinet {Cinquanie ans d'amitie, ib., 1900) ; for criti- cism, Faguet, .XIXe Steele (ib., 1891); Taine, Essais (ib.. 18o5-5(i) : and Quarterly Review (London. 1901). MICHELET, mish'Iu', ICvrl Ludwig (1801- 9.'!). -V Gorman philosopher. He was born at Berlin and graduated at the University of Berlin. In 1829 lie was appointed professor of philosophy at the university. He pulilished a large numlier of works on metaphysical subjects, including Die Ethik dcs Arisloleles (1827); l)as Syxtciii der philosophischen Moral (1828); Cleschichte der let:trn Systeme der Philosophie in Deutsrhland ton Kant his Ilcficl (18.'!7-38); and Anthropo- logic und Psychotoyic (1840). From 1800 to 1875 he edited Der Oednnke (Berlin. 18fiO et seq.), representing the Philosophical Society of that city. MICHELIN1A. A fossil coral allied to Favosites, found in the Devonian and Carbonif- erous rocks, and commonly known as 'petrified honcycnnib.' See F.wo.siTES. MICHELL, mlch'cl, John (1724-93). An English ]ihysicist and astronomer. He graduated at (Jucen's College, Cambridge, in 1748, became a fellow there the next year, and in 1702 was appointed professor of geolog'. He made several imjiortant discoveries in physical science; in- yonted the torsion balance, with the aid of which Cavendish later determined the mean density of the earth; and devised an 'easy and expeditious method' of making magnets, described in a Treatise of Artificial Maynets (17.30). He ad- vanced an ingcni(nis theory concerning the ulti- mate constitution of matter, and rendered im- portant sen-ices to astronomy through numerous original contributions, including his Enquiry into the Probable Parallax and Magnitude of the Fixed fHars from the Quantity of Light Which Thru Afford fs (1707). MICHELOZZI, mft'ke-lot'sd. JIicnEtozzo ( i:(9l-1472). A Florentine architect and sculp- tor. Information nlxnit ilichelozzi is meagre, bvit is sulTicicnt to indicate that he was one of the principal figures of the formative period of the Italian Itenaissance. He was the preferred artistic adviser of Cosmo de' Medici, ilichelozzi was born at Florence, the son of Bartolommeo, a Burgimdiun tailor, who was made a citizen of Florence in 1370. His name is a variation of Michcle. He was brought ip as a die-cutter and jfoldsmith, and assisted (ihilberti on the doors of the Baptistery. At an early i>eri"d he apjioars to have come under the inlhience of Brunelleschi. and in 1402 he entered into an association with Donatello which lusted until about 1435. (For their joint work, see Pox.vTKl.LO.) As he worked in association with the principal Florentine sculptors of his time, it is rarely possible to sepa- rate hi.s productions from theirs. The little independent sculpture which can be- definitely ascribed to iliehelozzi is inferior, and is a resultant of the inlluences of Donatello and Luca della Eobbia. The bas-reliefs of the Ara- gazzi ilonument, in the Cathedral of ilontepul- ciano, are the best of tliis work; another well- known example is the silver figure of .John the Baptist in the Opera del Duomo, Florence. After 1435 his work became increasingly archi- tectural. In 1440 he succeeded Brunelleselii as architect of the Florentine Cathedral, but ap- pears to have done very little on that building. He built or rebuilt the churches of Jlugello, of the Frati Zoccolanti near Caffagiuolo, of San Girolamo near Voltcrra, of San Cirolamo near Fiesole, and the Chapel of the Medici in Santa Croce, Florence. Between 1437 and 1452 Mi- chelozzi superintended the construction of the Monastery of San ilarco in Florence. The library and the two courts, where the Ionic order appears for the first time in the Renaissance, are espe- cially interesting. From 1444 to 1455 he was chief architect of the Monastery of the Annun- ziata in Florence. In 1457 he yent to Milan to rebuild the fine palace presented by Francesco Sforza to Cosmo dc' Medici. Of his work in this city only the chapel of the Portinari, on the exterior of San Eustorgio. sunives. He was associated with Luca dclla Kobbia in the con- struction of the Capella del Crocifisso in San Miniato, Florence. His most famous work, however, is the Rie- cardi Palace in Florence, built for the Medici, and finished about 1440. Models were mailc by both Jliehelozzi and Brunelleschi. the former receiving the, preference on account of its sim- plicity. The Riccardi Palace, which is perhaps the finest city house in existence, is really only a development of the typical Florentine palace of the Jliddle Ages under the refining influence of classical ideals. The last of Miclielozzi"s larger undertakings, his work upon the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, was begun in 1454. The charming forecourt is after his designs. e.cept the defacing stucco ornament. His last recorded work is the Palazzo Rettorale at Ragusa in Dalmatia (1404). Consult: Schmar-^ow, in Archivio storieo drlV arte. vol. vi. ; Geymiiller, Jahrbvch der koniglich preussischen t^Samnilun- gcn, vol. XV. MICHELSON", ml'kclson, Ai.nERT AnR.Mi.M (1852 — ). .Vn .Vmcrican physicist, born in Strelno, Germany, and brought up in San Fran- cisco. He gradiuited fmni the Xaval .cndemy in 1873. and after several years' service in the navv went abroad and studied at Berlin, Heidel- berg, and Paris (1880-82). On his return to America. Michclson became professor of phys- ics at the Case School of .pplied Science, Cleveland, Ohio; then held a like chair in Clark I'niver.sity (1889-92): and in 1892 became head of the department of physics in the University of Chicago. Professor iliehel- son's achievements in optics secured fnr him an international reptitation. His determinations of the velocity of light are of the greatest inipor- tance, and his results are marked by a high de- gree of accuracy. These experiments were begun in 1878. when Professor Michelson was at the Naval Academy, and were concluded in 1882. His invention, in 1887, of an interferential refrac- tometer enabled him to determine linear distances in terms of the wave length of light, and he