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* MEXICO. devastated. For a year and a half everything went satisfactorily with Maximilian to outward seeming, but at the end of 1805 lie found liimself, despite his efiorts to win the good-will of liis sub- jects, with no real support except that of the French soldiers. Meanwhile the United States had convinced Napoleon III. that French troops would not be sull'ered to interfere in .American af- fairs. On May 31, IStiU, Ma.ximilian received word that the Frencli army was to be willidrawn. He at once decided to abdicate, then cliaiiged his mind, at the instigation of the Kmprcss Carlotta, who hastened back to Europe, where her failure to secure any help was probably responsible for the attack of brain fever which b>ft her ho])elessly insane. Maximilian again decided to withdraw, but the French commissioners refused to agree to the terms in which he insisted upon phrasing his abdication, and eventually the Emperor deter- mined to stay by his empire and the supporters who remained true to him. Jleanwhile Juarez returned southward, gathered an army, and awaited the departure of the French. Maxi- milian made his way to Querftaro, where he was joined by the troopsraised by Marquez. Miramon, Mejia, and others, and where, in turn, the re- publican armies rpiickly surrounded him, by March 1, 1807. Jhirqiiez broke through the enemy to bring assistance from Mexico, but in- stead" undertook to establish a power for himself at Puelda. where he was defeated by Diaz, who drove him back to Mexico and then captured that city. Maximilian had meanwhile been be- trayed by one of his most favored officers. Colonel Miguel Lopez, wlio arranged the admittance of the enemy into the lmi)erial camp. The Emperor was forced to surrender, received a military trial and was shot, with (ienerals Mejia and Jliramon. on June 19, 1807. After four years .Tuarez entered the City of Jlexico on .Tuly !.">. 18(57, and began the reorganization of the Repidilie. An election was held whidi confirmed him in the Presidency, and he held the position until his death in iS7'2. I^rdo de Tcjada succeeded to the office and held it until 1870. when he was ousted by Portirio Diaz, who became President in 1877. In 1880 Diaz was succeeded by his friend, fieneral JIanuel Gonzfilez. whose four years of inefficiency convinced Diaz of the necessity of governing in person. Since then he has continued to fill the Presidential office. Vnder Diaz have occurred the remarkable extension of railroads that have knit together the most distant portions of the Republic, the gi-eat advance in textile industries, the enormous rlevelopnicnt of mines, the practical reconstruction of the capital, and the rebuild- ing of portions of the other cities. This work is largely due to governmental initiative, at the expense of the national or State treasury, but ac- companieil bv an increase in national credit com- nieiisuiale with the results obtained. BiBi.iooRAiMiY. General. Reelus, flfofjraphie vnirirnrllc, vol. xvii. (Paris. 1891); Romero, (Irnqraphieal and Stiitislirtil Kotes on Mexico (Xew York, 1898) ; Romero. Mexico and the I'niird Stales (Xew York. 1898); Bureau of American Republics, .l/cxi'ro (Washington. 1900) : Anuario exladistico de In rrpiihlien niexicana (Mexico) ; Moses, f'on.itiliilion of the United Btatrs of Mexico (Philadelphia, 1809). Re.soibces: Indistries. .Anderson, Mexico from the Material Standpoint (Washinirton, 1884) ; Ober, Mexican Resources (New York. 416 MEXICO. 1884; Wells, A l^iludy of Mexico (ib., 1880) ; Dunn, Mexico and Her Resources (Lon- don, 1880) ; Howell, Mexico: Its Progress and Commercial Possibilities (ib,, 1892) ; Felix and Lenk, 6eitr<ige ziir Geologic uiid J'uliion- tologie von Mexi-co (Leipzig, 1892) ; Cubas, Mexico: Its Trade, Industries, and Resources, translated b.v Thompson and Cleveland (Mexico, 189.'5) ; Duclos Salinas, The Riches of Mexico and Its Institutions (Saint Louis, 1803); Ban- croft, Resources and Derelopment of Mexico (San Francisco, 1894) ; Baker, -1 Xaturalist in Mexico (Chicago, 1895). Travel: Description. Hill, Travels in Peru and Mexico (London, I860) ; Taylor, Anahuac: Mexico and the Mexicans (ib,, 1801): Rat- zel, A us Mexiko, Reiseskizzen aus den Jahren lS~Jr75 (Breslau, 1878) ; Taylor, Eldorado (New Y'ork, 1881) : Auljertin, .1 Flight to Mexico (Lon- don, 1882) : Bisliop. Old Mexico and Her Lost Provinces (New York, 1883) ; Brocklehurst, Mexico To-Day (London, 1883): Conkling, Mexico and the Mexicans (New Y'ork, 1883) ; Bandelier, Mexico (Boston, 1885) ; Griffin, Mexi- co of To-Day (New York, 1886) ; Charnay, An- cient Cities of the New World (London, 1887); Biart, The Aztecs (Chicago, 1887) ; (looch. Face to Face with the Mexicans (New York, 1888) ; Ober, Travels in Mexico (London, 1888) : Ballou, Aztec Land (Boston, 1890) ; Hesse-Wartegg, Mexiko, Land und Leute (Vienna, 1890) ; Through the Land of the Aztecs, or Life and Travel in Mexico (London, 189:i) ; Crawford, Land of the Montezumas (New Y'ork, 1897); Below, Mexiko (Berlin, 1899); Seler, Auf alten Wegen in Mexiko und (Suatemala (Berlin. 1900) ; Lumlioltz, Vnknouyn Mexico (New Y'ork, 1902). HisTORV. Icazbalceta, Documentos para la his- toria de Mejico (20 vols., Mexico, 1853-57) ; Golec- cion nucva de documentos pnra la historia de Meji- co (5 vols., Mexico, 1892). The standard work on Mexican history is Mexico ul travis de tos siglos, a series of five volumes published under the edi- torial supervision of Vincente Riva Palacio (Mexico. 1887-89). Volume i. of the series com- prises Cliavero. Historia nntigua y de la con- (juista ; volume ii., Riva Palacio. Historia de la dominacion espafiola en Mexico desde 1521 & 1808; volume iii., Zarate, La guerra de inde- pendencia; volume iv., Olavarrea y Ferrari. Mexico independiente, 1821-5.'i : volume v.. Vigil, La re forma. Other general works are : Bancroft, Mexico (6 vols., San Francisco, 1883-88): Cavo, Los tres siglos de Mexico (4 vols., Mexico. 1836- 38) : Jlavcr. Mexico: Aztec. Spanish, and Repub- lican (liartford, 1853) : Mora. Mexico y sua rei'oluciones (Paris, 1856) ; Chevalier, Mexico, Ancient and .Modern, translated liy Alpass (Lon- don, 1804) : Payno, Historia de Mfjico (Mexico, 1871): Lester, 77ie Mexican Republic: .4 His- toric Study (New Y'ork. 1878); Frost. History of Mexico (New Orleans. 1882) ; .Johnson. Mexi- co, Past and Present (New Yiuk. 1887); Noll, A Short Histoni of Mexico (Chicago. 1890); Hale. The Story of Mexico (New York. 1891). Of works dealing with special periods, a few of the liest known are: Bandelier. "On the Social Organization and ^lode of Government of the Ancient Mexicans," in Twelfth Annual Report of the Peahndti Museum of .imrrican .Archwology and Ethnoioqy (Cambridge, 1880) ; Brasseur de Rourbovirg, flistoire des nations civilisdes du