Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/411

* METAZOA. METELLTJS. MET'AZO'A (XooLat. noiii. pi,, from Ok. fuTii, iiirhi, alter + C^oi', zOoii, animal). The nanw. applit'il (o all tlic animals al)c)v<' llu' I'roto- zoa. 'I lie animal kinjjilom is lliiis sulnliviiU'd into two divisions, namely, the Protozoa, or one-celled animals, and the Jletazoa, or inany-e(dled ani- nials. The latter inclnde all the hranches or phyla of the animal kingdom from the sponges (I'orifera) to the Verteljrata. Eaeh motazoan, liowever, develops from a single cell, the egg. The Jletazoa have been defined as "Animals in which the ordinary (so-called adult) form of the species has always more than one nucleus, and in which the nuclei are for the most part ar- ranged regularly and with a deliuile relation to the functional tissues of the animal (so-called 'cellular arrangement'). Special conjugating in- dividuals of the form of ova and spermatozoa arc always formed," Jletazoa re])roduee by ova and spermatozoa. These reproductive products originate by a process of unerpial tissiun from their parent, and may both be produced by one or dill'erent individuals. When they arc both produced by the same individual, that individual is said to be hcrmaplir<jililr. When they are pro- duced by dilTerent individuals, that parent giv- ing rise to the egg is called female, and that producing sperm cells or spermatozoa is called the mule, and the individuals are said to be 'uni- sexual' and the species 'dicecious.' In certain forms, probably under given conditions of food or temiierature, the ova may devcloi) without being fertilized by a sperm cell, the ])rocess being called 'parthenogenesis' (q.v. ). Reproduction by ova and spermatozoa is called 'sexual reproduc- tion,' and that by parthenogenesis 'asexmil re- production.' Consult Bourne, The Cccloinate Mctiizoa (London and New York, 1901). See Cla.s.sific.tiox of Animals. MET'CALFE, Charles Tiieopiiih-.s, Baron (lT8.'j-I84(l). A British statesman, born in Cal- cutta, India. At an early age he was sent to England, where he was educated in a pre- paratory school at Bromley, and then at Eton. After holding various other positions, he be- came a member of the Supreme Council of India in 1S27. and from 18.3o to I8:i(! was Pro- visional (iovernor-tieneral. He was next made I.ieutenant-liiivernor of the Northwest Prov- inces, but resigned in 18.38 and returned to Eng- land. The next year he was sent out as Gov- ernor of Jamaica, where he succeeded in bring- ing about better relations between the planters and the emancipated blacks. In 1842 he re- I turned to England, and the next year was made I Governor-Ceneral of Canada, where he soon came [ into conllict with the Executive Council and the I Representative .Assembly. In consequence of his refusal (o admit their riglit to be consulted about [ otlicial appointments, all the meud)crs of the i Council save one resigned, and for some time he was without a full Council : hut in the clcc- I tion of November, 1844, the Government received a sni.ill majority, and he was able to fill the vacancies with men of his own views. In 184.5 he was created Baron Metcalfe of Fern Hill, but in th(! same year an incurable disease forc<>d him j to return to England, where he died. Consult I Kaye, Life anff ('t)rrcspond€ncr of Chaj'lcfi, Lord Metcalfe (rev, ed.. London, 18.58). METCALFE, Frriikiuck (181.5-8.5). An English scholar and educator. lie graduated at Saint .John's College. Cambridge, in I8"8, and was elected fellow of Lincoln I'ollege, O.xford. In 1848 he became head-master of Brighton Ccd- lege, an institution founded in 1847 for the sons of noblemen. In 1844 lie publislicd a translation of Professor W. A. Bekker's (Jallits, with notes and excursus, considered of great historical value (2d ed. 18.53). In 1845 followed his trans- lation of Bekker's Charieles, a tale similarly il- lustrative of private life among the ancient Greeks, also with notes and excursus. He ]uib- lished a History of Oerman Literature (1858) ; The Oxonian in Norway (1850); and The Oxo- nian in IrrhinrJ (1801). METCHNIKOFF, mSeh'nl-kfif, Iliya (1845 ■ — ). A Kussian embryologist and cytologist, born in the Province of Khaikov, May 15, 1845. He was educated at Kharkov, and afterwards studied at Giesscn and at Municli. He was appointed to the chair of zoology at Odessa in 1S70, but resigned in 1882 to devote himself to private researches. In 1884, as the result of work on sponges and polyps, he published an epoch-making memoir on the intracellular diges- tion of invertebrates. He found that the in- dividual cells of sponges took in solid particles of food and digested tbeni in order to provide material for the growth of the young; and he saw the amoeba-like eggs of a polyp (Tubularia) eat and digest the neighboring follicular cells. He also established the fact that certain wander- ing amoeboid cells attack, ingest, or absorb parts of the body which become either useless or septic and thus harmful to the organism ; and even hard objects, as also microbes or disease germs and the bacteria which have entered a wound. He called these microbe-eaters '])hagocytes' (q.v.). He boldly (1884) threw out the" remarkable theory that inflammation in the vertebrates is due to the struggle between the white or amoeboid corpuscles of the blood and the disease' germs within it. He went to Paris, became ehef-dc- service in Pasteur's Institute in 1892, and at the death of Pasteur in I8!)5 succeeded him as the director of the Pasteur Instil ute. He is a for- eign member of the Royal Society of London. JletchnikolV has shown the value of and the close relation lietweeu studies in the development of the lower animals and physiological and medical stud- ies and practice. His chief later works are: "Un- tersuchungen iiber die intracelhiliire Verdauung bei wirbellosen Thieren," in Arheitcn atts dem zooloqi.ichen. Inxtitiit der Vniver.iitiit Wien, vol. v. (1883; ib., 1884); "Ueber die Beziehung der Phagocyten zu Milzbrandbacillen," in 'ircliow's Arehio fiir patholoriisehc Analotnie und Physio- logic, etc., .xcvii., 'p. 502 (1884; ib., 1892); Lerons sur la pathologic comparec de Vinflam- malion (Paris, 1892). METEL'LTJS. The name of a Roman family of the plebeian gens Ciccilia, which rose to be one of the first families of the Roman nobility. One of the most distinguished members of the family was QrixTcs C.KciiJus Meteli.v.s Macedonicus, wlio received his surname from his victory over . driscus, a claimant to the throne of Jlacedonia (M.c. 148). His life was considered by ancient writers an example of the greatest felicity. He died n.c. 115. — Quintu.s C.Kcn.rts Metei.li'.s Ni'MiDicus twice defeated .Tugurtha in Numidia (n.c. 108), but was superseded in his command by Marius. He was celebrated for his integrity.