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* MENTONE. 327 MEPHISTOPHELES. and of the CoHception ; the Hotel dc Ville has an interesting uiuseum of prehistoiie relies. Other notable features are the Jardin Puhlie and the Promenade du Jlidi. The chief point of interest, however, is in the grottoes of Baousse Rousse near by. in Italian territory, where Rivi&re diseovered relios of very aneient human occupa- tion and skeletons of a later race in the debris. Nine skeletons in all were found, and with them pierced shells and milk teeth of deer, formerly portions of personal ornaments; but more sur- prising is the fact that the bones were painted with red ochre. In the general stratum beneath ooeiirrcd stone implements of Paleolithic type. This fact, and the entire absence of implements of bone, ])ierced shells, and teeth of deer from the lower beds, leaves the impression of two periods of occu[iation. ilentone has an extensive trade in fruit and olive oil. After belonging for 500 years to Monaco, the town revolted in 1848, and attached itself to Sardinia. With the cession of Nice to France in 1801, Mentone came under French rule, the Prince of Monaco ceding his rights to the French Government for 4,000,000 francs. Consult: Mortillet, Le pr4histonque (Paris. 1000), and Bulletins de la Socicte d'An- thropoloijie de Paris, ser. 4, vol. is. (Paris, 1898). MENTOR (Lat., from Gk. {iUvrap). The son of Alcimus of Ithaca, the trusted friend of Ulysses, who. on setting out for Troy, left to him the charge of his household and the educa- tion of Telemachus. His name has become pro- verliial fur a wise guide and counselor. MENYANTHES, men'i-an'thez. A genus of plants. See Buckbe.^x. MENZALEH, men-za'lc L.ke. A lagoon on the northeastern coast of Egj'pt. extending from the Damietta branch of the Nile to the Suez Canal, and separated from the Mediterranean by narrow sand bars (ilap: Egj-pt, F 1). It is 30 miles in length by about 20 miles in average breadth, is very shallow, and studded with low islands, on one of which are the remains of the ancient city of Tcnnesus. The lagoon has valu- able fisheries, besides producing much salt. MENZEL, nien'tsel, Adolf vo. (181.5-1905). A tiernian historical and genre painter, illus- trator, and lithographer, one of the leading paint- ers of the present day. He was born at Bres- lau, December 8, 1815. and when a mere lad as- sisted his father, a lithographer, in his work. To give him opportunity for study, the family removed to Berlin in 18.30, but lie soon reliii- quished as unprofitable the ordinary routine of training at the Academv. and mav trulv be called self-taught. His father's death in lS.3l" threw the support of the family upon his shoulders, and he worked hard at litliographic commissions. In 1833 he executed for the publisher Sachse 'The Artist's Earthly Pilgiimage.", a series of ten drawings in pen and ink illustrating Goethe's poem, "Kiinstler's Erdenwallen." which attracted im- mediate attention. Among his other efforts in lithography, the "Essays on Stone with Brush and Scraper." in which he produced effects re- sembling mezzotinting, are of especial interest as a novel departure, in which for a long time he had no imitator or rival. The real besinnins of Menzel's triumphs was the Tear 1830. when he negan the illustration of Kugler's Tlistoni of Frederirk the Great, a task occupying three years. These four hundred designs," drawn in pencil on wood and reproduced in fac-simile, brought him royal and popular favor, and gave a new impetus to the art of wood engraving in Germany. Menzel began to paint at the age of twenty, without formal instruction. * Of his i)ainlings the best known are the epi- sodes from the history of the great Prussian monarch. These include: The "Kouud Table of Frederick the Great at Sans Souci" (1850), and the 'Flute Concert" (1852), both in the Na- tional Gallery. Berlin; "Frederick the Great Traveling" (1854), Raven6 Gallery, Berlin; "Frederick and His Men at Hochkirch" (185G), in the Royal Palace at Potsdam. He appears as the painter-historian of the modern Hohen- zoUern in another series, of which the "Corona- lion of King William I. at Kijnigsberg." in the Roval Palace. Berlin, and "Departure of the King for the Seat of War in 1870" (1871), in the National Gallery, Berlin, are the most conspicu- ous examples. Among a great variety of genre pictures, the "Modern Cyclops" ( 1875, National Gallery, Berlin), representing the interior of a rolling mill in Silesia, is a sterling piece of real- istic characterization and of masterly light ef- fects. Remarkable for this latter quality, as well as for its keen satire, is "The Ball Supper" (1879), and a later notewortliy example is the ''Carnival Morning"' (1885), in the National Gal- lery, Berlin. Besides various other honors be- stowed upon him. Menzel was made a Privy Councilor, with the title of excellenc}-, on his eightieth birthday, in 1895, and received the Order of the Black Eagle, conferring hereditary nobility, in 1899. For his biography, consult: Sondermann (Magdeburg, 1895), and Knackfuss (Bielefeld, 1897) ; also Jordan, Das Werk Adolf Meiizels (ilunich, 1895) : Waldstein, in Harper's Maga~ii>e (New York, 1890), and Magazine of Art (London, 1884 and 1901). MENZEL, WoLFCAKG (1798-1873). A Ger- man historian and critic, born a^ Waldenburg, Silesia, June 21. 1798. He studied at Jena and Bonn, became an ardent disciple of Jahn (q.v. ) and the Turner movement, taught (1820-24) at Aarau, in .Switzerland, and from 1825 lived as a man of letters at Stuttgart, where he edited the Litterafiirhlatt ( 1820-48 : again in 1852). From 1830 to 1838 he belonged to the Wiirttemberg Diet. Unsuccessful in politics, he gave himself up to literature, assailed CJoethe. and was him- self mercilessly attacked by Heine and others. His popular Gesehichte der Dentsehen came out in 1824-25; Die Gesehichte Europas. 17S0-1SI',. in 1853. His strongly monarchical tendencies de- velop in other histories. He composed the dra- matic fairy tales ff/i&pro/i? (1829) and Narcissus (1830). and an historical novel. Furore (1851). His Deutsche Litteraiur ( 1828) can be studied in .S'ppcimens of Foreign Literature (Boston. 1840). Consult also his autobiographical Denkwiirdig- kciten (Bielefeld. 187G). MENZELINSK, men'tsel-Insk'. A town of eastern Russia in the government of Ufa, situ- ated on a branch of the Kama, 125 miles north- west of Ufa. Important fairs are held here, in which miscellaneous goods are sold to the value of .$2,000,000 annually. Population, in 1897, 7542. MEPHTSTOPH'ELES (formerly also }fe- phostophilus, Mephostophilis ; of uncertain deri- vation, but perhaps most plausibly explained as