Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/360

* MENTAL PKOCESS. 326 MENTONE. rises, poises, falls, in its own characteristic way; even the idea, the mental 'thinj,'" par excellence, is termed l>y Wundt a 'variable process.' and such formations as emotion and volition bear the mark of process stamped upon them. Meaning (q.v. ) and mode of connection (see Fl'Slo.N ; I.M- PULSE) arc stable, but the 'stuff' of which mind is made is essentially process and not being. Consult: Wundt, Essays (Leipzig, 1885): I'hi- losophische Studien, vi., x. (Leipzig, 1891, 1894) ; James, Principles of Psycholoyij, vol. i. (New York, 1890); Stout, Analytic Psyclioloyy (Lon- don, 1890) ; Titehener, An Outline of Psychology (New York, 1S99). MENTAL SCIENCE. The name given to a philosophical or religious system which, as ex- plained by one of its adherents, aims at the pre- vention of disease, rather than its cure, by awak- ening in the individual the inherent but dormant spiritual forces through the medium of its litera- ture, lecture courses, and by auto-suggestion. It contends that no system of cure can rid the world of discord and disease; that the various systems of medication, ranging from the incanta- tion of the barbarian to mind healing or faith cure, are simply compatible with the dilTerent temperaments of humanity. A materialistic nature demands "things' as antidotes for dis- cord, while a metaphysical temperament demands "thoughts' as a mode of cure. Mental .Science looks u])on all schemes of cure as temporary expedients only to bridge over a defect in man's estimation of himself. It maintains that the phenomenal world is the differentiation of the infinite mind of humanity, ranging from an atom to immensity and from a molecule to man. It contends that man does not live in a physical world, but rather in a physical phase of con- sciousness, and that to transcend mentally the plane of lumian consciousness to that of the spiritual would dissolve the human or physical misconception of life and being. It argues that since each individual thinks for himself alone, he must be just what he thinks he is, for he is the one who thinks it. Therefore each lives; moves, and has his being in an environment com- patible with tl>e statiis of his own mind. Mental Science has numerous subdivisions, known in part as "Divine Science,' 'Spiritual Science,' "Metaphysical Science,' "Sjiiritual Kth- ics,' and other titles. It differs from Christian Science (q.v.), which is an organized church with government, tenets, etc.. and which teaches the practical application of the Christ Mind healing to all forms of disease. Attempts to organize the Mental Scientists have met with ])ersistent defeat, owing to the impossibility of organizing a body of individualists. I/t is claimeil that the numerical strength of Mental Science is upward of 1.000.000 adherents in the I'nited State-, nti.li r the various titles mentioned. MENTANA, mCn-tii'na. A village in Italy, 13 miles northeast of Rome, with "2401 inhabit- ants in inoi. It is noted as the place where. on November 3, 1807. Garibaldi was defeated In- Papal and French troops while attempting to seize Rome and thus complete the unity of Italy. On November 2n. 1877. a monument was erected in honor of the adherents of (iaribaiili. who was taken prisoner in this battle. See GaRIIIaLDI. MEN'TEL (or Mentei.tn). .TonAXXES (c.1110 78). A German printer of the fifteenth century, the first to establish a press at Strass- burg. To him the invention of printing was once attributed by many. The erroneous charac- ter of any such assertion was very clearly demon- strated by Von der Linde in the results of hia investigation of the early history of printing in his Gutenberg (Stuttgart, 1878). MEN'TER, Soi'UiE (1848—). A German pianist, burn at Munich, in which city she subse- quently studied under SchOnchen, Lebert, and Niest, making her debut in 1803. She met with extraordinary success, particularly at Frankfort, where, in 1807, Tausig (q.v.) secured her as a pupil. Two years later she won the good-will of Liszt, who became one of her stanchest frienda. She nuide many tours and had many famous pupils, and finally retired to her home, Castle Itter, in the Tjrol. Meanwhile she had become known as a remarkable virtuoso, and besides her appointments as Court pianist to the Prince of Hohenzollern and the Emperor of Austria, she sened for a time on the faculty of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. In 1S7"2 she married the 'cellist Popper, from whom she was subse- quently divorced (1880). MENTETJE, miix'ter', Le ( Fr., Tlie Liar). A comedy by Corneille (1044), modeled after Alarcon's Venlad sospechosa. The leading char- acters are Dorante, whose propensity gives the play its name and involves the hero in numer- ous complications; GCronte, his credulous old father and his dupe; and Cliton. his shrewd, wit- ty valet. The play is Corneille's best comedy, and the most important before the appearam* of ilolifere. It was followed by the Suite du menteur, modeled on Lope dc Vega's Amar sin saber d quien, and not having the successful qual- ities of t)ic original comedy. MENTHOL, mfn'thrd (from Lat. mcnilia, mint), C,„H,,,OH. A colorless crystalline sub- stance obtained from oflicial oil of pc])permint, or from .Japanese or Chinese oil of peiq>ennint. It has the odor of peppermint, and produces in the mouth a sensation of cold. It is but sparing- ly soluble in water, but dissolves in considerable q'uantities in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and other organic liquids. It is often used as a remedy for neuralgic headache. In a solution of ten parta of alcolud to one of menthol, or in the solid form of a pencil, it usually gives inunediate. though not always complete, relief, wlien apjilied to the se;it iif |i;iiii. MENTONE, mento'nii. Fr. MENTON, miix'tux'. A seaport town in the Dcjiarlment of .lpes-Maritimes, France, on the Mediterranean, 19 miles northeast of Nice by rail ( Map: France, O 8). It is situated on two small bays known respeetivelv as Bale de I'Ouest and Haie de Garavan. divided by a point of lan<l from which juts the breakwater inclosing the h;irbor. On the north is a sheltering range of lofty mountains, the lower slopes of which are covered with orange, lemon, and olive groves, and dotted with pic- turesque villas and elegant residences. The in- closed situation of the town, dry and equable clinuite. ami other natural advantages make Men' tone one of the most popular of invalid resort* on the Riviera. The old portion of the town re- tains a medieval aspect, with its narrow, winding streets: the newer portion is regubirly laid out and clean. The prominent buildings are the churches of Saint Michel (seventeenth century)