Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/342

* MENCIxrS. ao8 MENDELEEFF. was fearless in followinj; liis teachings to their logical consequences. Ue taught that man's nature is good, though it may appear othor- wise. anil that all his vire^ and all his mis- fortunes are due to evil influences from without. Humanity, righteousness, propriety, and knowl- edge are as natural to man as liis four limbs. What is wanted is a return to this original good- ness, and this can be accomplislied only by the reel ifica lion of the heart. He laid special stress on humanity and righteousness, one the comple- ment of the other, as the two main elements in man's moral being, humanity representing the fullness of virtue in the individual, and right- eousness the due observance of all man owes to his fellow men. "Humanity is internal." he sa.vs; "righteousness external." "There has never been a man trained to Inimanity who neglected his parents; nor one who, having been trained to righteousness, made his sovereign an after consideration." In politics he taught that gov- ernment is from God. but is far the people, whose ■welfare is of supreme importance: and he em- phatically inculcated the application of these two principles — Humanity and Righteousness — to the conduct of rulers. And he did not hesitate to indicate the duty of the subject in regard to the 'removal' of oppressive rulers or wicked men in high places, when asked if a subject might put his sovereign to death. "He who outrages the humanity proper to his nature," he said, "is called a robl)er; he who outrages righteousness is called a rullian. The robber and the ruffian we call a mere fellow. I have htard of the cutting off of Chow Sin [the ferocious tyrant of the Shang dynasty, B.C. 112:!1. but I have not heard in his case of putting a sovereign to death ;" — only a cruel monster, a mere fellow. Jlencivis died at eighty-four, after passing the last fifteen years of his life in retirement, during which he edited the Boo/,- of H islori/ und the ISdoI.- of I'oetiji, and prepared with the aid of some of his disciples a record of his sayings and of liis conversations with the Princes — a fact which may account for their greater fullness as com- pared with those of Confucius. It is the last of the Four Books which form the basis of the Con- fucian philosophy. He was buried near the present Tsow liiin. in Slian-tung. where there is a temple in his honor, and where his descendants still dwell. It was not till the second century A.n. that his writings were fully studied and ap- preciated. In 1083 he was created Dnke of Tsow; in 1088 he was admitted into the Temple of Confucius as nn Associate, and titles were conferred on his father and mother. Bim.iofmAriiY. l^egge, Chinese ClaxxicK, vol. ii. (London and Hong Kong, 1801), containing the Chinese text of the Mencian discourses, with a translation in Knglish, Critical Notes, Prolego- mena, and a Life; Ui'nuisat. Xourrriux mvlaiifien o»i<//i(/i(i'«, vol. ii. (Paris. 1820); Faber, IJinr flliinlslrhre auf rthischrr flrinirllnrir, oder Lrhr- hcfjriff dr.H rhivraisrhrn rhilofinphrn ^fn^1ciu^ ( KIberfeld, 1877). or llutcliinson's transhitinn. The Mind of Mcnciiis (I^ondon and Hong Kong, 1880) ; .Johnson. "China." vol. ii.. in Oriniliil Jlrliflionn and Thrir Relation to VnirrrKnl Ue- lifrinn (Boston. 1878) : and Walters. A Cliiiile to the Tablets in a Temple of Confucius (Shanghai, 1870). ■ MENDANA DE NEYRA, man-da'ny4 dft n:'i'e-ru, Alvabo (15-11-95). A Spanish navi- gator, born in Saragossa. He went to Peru in 1505, and had resided some time at Lima when his uncle, Lojjc Garcia de Castro, the Viceroy of the country, in 1507 put him in conunand of an expedition for purposes of discovery among the islands of the Pacific. Among liis discoveries was that of a group of islands which he named Solomon Islands, in the belief that here Solomon obtained the gold used in the Temple at Jerusa- lem. Returning to Lima in 1508. he circulated reports of the wealth of these islands, which led, twenty-seven years later, to an expedition for their colonization, of which he took the conunand. Sailing from Callao .])ril 11, 1505. lie discovered another group of islands, which he named the .Marquesas, after the wife of the Viceroy of Peru, the Marchioness Jlendoza. Other groups of islands were visited, but Mendana died with- out hixving reached the end of his vovage. Men- dana's narrative of his expeditions is in the National Library at Paris. Tliis. with other con- temporary accounts of the expedition, is trans- lated in the Hakluyt Society volume for I'JOl, edited liy Lord Amherst of Hackney. MENDANA ISLANDS. See MabquesaS Islands. MENDE, niaNd. A town of Southern France, capital of the Department of Loz^re. It is situ- ated on the left bank of the Lot, 110 miles southwest of Lyons, and at the foot of a cliff rising 1000 feet above the town (Map: France, K 7). It has a cathedral founded in the four- teenth and rebuilt in the seventeenth ccnturv, with two towers, 280 and 210 feet high. In front of it stands a bronze statue of Pope I'lban v.. a native of the town. The town has also a communal college and a library. The chief industry is the manufacture of textiles. Popnlaticm, in 1001, 5201; of eoinmune, 7319. MEN'DEL, Greoor Joiiaxx (1822-84). An .ustrian liotanist. He was born in .ustrian Silesia in Heinzendorf. near Odrau. and in 1843 entered the .Viigiistinian Kiiiiii/iiikloster at Briinu. He became a priest in 1847: studied at Vienna: returned to the cloister in 1853: taught at Briinn and became abbot. His ex])eriments ill hyliridlzation. reprinted under the title Versiiehc iiber Pflanzenhithriden (in an F.nglish translation in the Jourixil of the Royal Horti- cultural Society, xxvi.. 1001). were originally made public in 1805. They ilciilt especially with ex|ieriments on Pi.iuin and Uirriiriitin made in his cloister garden: advanced the idea of heterogy- goiis form: attempted to show, under certain con- orn in Tobolsk. Siberia. He grailuated from the local gj-mnasium. and in 1850 eiitcrcil the Institute of Pediigogy of Saint Petersburg, where he ap- plied liiniself to the study of natural sciences. In 1850 he was :ippointed docciit at the Uni- versity of .Saint Petersburg, and in 185001 he worked in Heidelberg and published a monograph On the Capilhniti/ of Gases. Shortly afterwards