Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/296

* MEDICINE. 268 MEDICINE DANCE. many new diseases were recognized and de- scribed. In the sixteenth century the studj- of lnuiian anatomy was lirst fairly established by the labors of W'salius (q.v.) ; and in this century and the following we meet with the names of many physicians whose anatomical and physiological studies materially advanced medical science. This was the epoch of Eustachio (q.v.), Fallopio (q.v.), Assellius, Harvey I q.v.), Kudbeck, Bar- tholin, Glisson, Sylvius, Willis, Bellini, and others. Ambroisc Parf ( 1.517-fKI ) made important additions to surgical knowledge an<l technii|ue. The CiBsarian operation, which had been known among the Greeks and Kouians, was revived. Malpighi (q.v.) and Grew founded the cell doc- trine. Besides many discoveries in minute anat- omy, made possible by the invention and gradual improvement of the microscope, the materia medica was enriched by the addition of Peruvian bark or cinchona by the Countess Chinchon in 11)32. The seventeenth century is also marked by great advance in obstetrics; medical jurispru- dence had its beginning about this time; and bedside or clinical teaching was introduced. Chemistry was now becoming distinct from al- chemy, and advancing to the dignity of a science, and an alliance between its principles and those of physiology was formed, which resulted in a new sect of chemical physicians, quite distinct, however, from the sect represented two centuries previously by Paracelsus. These chemical phy- sicians believed that diseases were referable to certain fermentations which took place in the blood, and that certain of these humors were naturally acid and others alkaline, and that when one or the other of these predominated certain specific diseases were the result, which were to be removed by the exlnl)ition of remedies of an opposite nature to that of the disea.se. They were soon succeeded by the Tatro-mathe- matical school, of which Borelli. Sauvages, Kneill. .luriu. Mead, and Friend were among the best known. Another sect was that of the Vital- ists, which originated with Van llelmont. and which, with some modification, was adopted by Stahl and Hotfnuinn. .mong other physicians whose names stand out prominently in the annals of the seventeenth century are Sir Thomas Browne and Sydenham (q.v.), both Englishmen, the latter the greatest clinical i)liysician of his time: Wharton, who discovered the submaxillary duct; Schneider, who described the Schneidcrian mucous membrane of the nose: Stenson. Peyer, Brunner. Pacehioni, Havers, and Cowper. The most eminent teacher of medicine in the early part of the eighteenth century was Boer- haave (q.v.). elected to the chair of medicine at Leyilen in 1700. .mong the pii))ils of P.oerhaavc was Van Swieten. whose coniments on the aphor- isms of his master formed a valuable colh'ction of practical observations; and llalli^r (q.v.). who has been called the father of moilern physiology and who first enunciated the theory thai irrita- bility and sensibility are specific projierties of muscular and nervous tissues. Most of the dis- tinguished physicians of the latter part of the eishteenth century belonged to the Culleninn school of meilicine. (See Cn.j.EN.) Cullen's views were attacked with great acrimony by his former assistant. .John Brown (q.v.). who be- came the founder of the Brunonian system of medicine. In Great Britain the views of Brown were regarded as too purely theoretical, and did not attain any great popularity; but in some jjarts of the Continent, and especially in Italy, they found acceptance, and liecame for a con- siderable time the prevailing doctrine in the leading medical schools. Among the medical curiosities of the later years of this century were the doctrine of animal magnetism or mesmerism (q.v.) and homceopathy (q.v.). The latter was founded by Hahnemann (q.v.) and served a use- ful purpose in protesting against the enormous dosage of medicines and the excessive blood- letting then in vogue. The eighteenth century witnessed a steady progress in all branches of medicine and surgery, the social status of the practitioner was raised, and medicine became a conscientious vocation and not a mere trade. The greatest single discovery of the age, and that which conferred the most benefit on mankind, was vaccination (see Jexner), and next to this, per- haps, a reform in the methods of treating the insane. To supplement this outline of the prog- ress of medicine in the eighteenth century, the reader is recouniieiuled to consult the biographical sketches of Jlonro, the Hunters, and others. The nineteenth century was one of epoch-mak- ing discoveries, only a few of which can even , be mentioned within the limits of this arti- cle. In the early years of the century Laennec (q.v.) invented the stethoscope and thereby in- stituted a complete revolution in the methods ol physical diagnosis; X'irchow (q.v.) founded mod- ern cellular pathology: Pasteur (q.v.). by his studies in lermcntation and putrefaction. prepared the way for the germ theory of disease : and Lister (q.v.), stimulated by Pasteur's discoveries, gave to surgery the antiseptic treatment of wounds. Laveran (q.v.) in 1880 discovered the plasniodiiun of malaria (q.v.), and Koch (q.v.t in 1882 the b:icilliis of tuberculosis. Since then it has been proved that anthrax, .siatic cholera, and most of what arc called the specific infec- tious diseases are due to minute vegetable organ- isms. (See Bacteria.) The discovery of gemral ana'sthetics was no less important and remark able. Morton (q.v.), of Boston, demonstrated the iina'sthetic properties of sulphuric ether in lS4t): and Simpson, of Edinburgh, introduced chloro- form in 1847. The introduction of cocaine as a local anasthetie in 1SS4 by Roller made possible the performance of painless operations on the eye anil in the nose and throat and other parts of the body. The materia medica has l)een enriched by the addition of quinine, morphia, strychnine, iodine and the iodides, the bromides, hydrocyanic acid, and cod liver oil. and. more interesting than these, of antitoxic serums. (See .X.ntitoxiN: Serum Therapy.) Diphtheria antitoxin espe- cially has saveil thousands of lives. Among the more important inslrunients invented during the nineteenth century are the ophthalmosco]ie and the liiryngoscope. The X-rays (q.v.) and ill'' Kinsen rays (see Piiototiiekai'Y) are of loo recent introduction to have proveil their worth. I'^or a comidete review of the meilieal progre?« of the nineteenth century, consult the liilnnn- tioiKil Ynir Hook for 1900, Consult: Baas. His- tory of Mrrlirinr (Xew York. ISOO) ; Park. An Epilomr of llir flintorii of Mrdiriiif (ew York. ISO!)) : and Bcnnet. Disrasrf! of the liiblf ( Lon don. IS87). MEDICINE DANCE. A popular name ap- plied to a Cheyenne Indian ceremony attended