Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/27

* MANTUA. 15 MANUAL TRAINING. tua several years. In llie adjacent museum are some good Greek busts and sarcophagi, and the Museo Patrio possesses other antiquities. A statue of Dante and the liouse of Giulio Koniano are shown as attractions to the visitor in Mantua. The city has a theological institute, a botanical garden, an astronomical observatory, a public li- brary with 80,000 volumes, and an i'XcoUent, commodious military hospital. The trade and manufactures are unimportant. Population (commune), in 1901, 29,142. History. Mantua was originally an Etruscan city. It became a Roman municipium just be- fore tile time of Vergil, who was born in the neighboring village of Andes. The town rose to importance in the twelfth century, when it be- came one of the city republics and a member of the Lombard League. Toward the close of the thirteenth century began the rule of the House of Bonaccolsi. wlio was succeeded in 1328 by the House of Gonzaga. A century later Jlantua with its territory was erected into a marquisate, and from 1.530 the Gonzagas were dukes of Mantua. The State prospered greatly under this dynasty, its political power and territory being increased at the expense of Venice and Milan. The Gon- zagas were liberal patrons of the arts and learn- ing. After the Mantuan War of Succession (1G28-30) the city began to decline. The last Duke was driven away in 1703 and died in 1708. and Mantua fell to Austria. The French took the city in 1797. It was left to the Austrians l)y the Treaty of Villafranea (1850), and was ceded to Italy 1806. During the Austrian occui)ation it was of great military importance and constitut- ed one of the so-called Quadrilateral of fortresses, the others being Verona, Legnago, and Peschiera. See Gonzaga, House of. MANTUAN BARD, MANTUAN SWAN. Titles applied to Vergil in allusion lo his birth- place, ilantua. MANU, nia'noo (from Skt. maiitt, man). An ancient mythical sage of India, the progenitor of mankind, according to the Hindus, and the reputed author of the great law-book known as the Code of Manu (Skt. MOnava-Dlinrma-Hiistra). There is no good ground for accepting the ex- istence of JIanu as a liistorical personage. In the Rig Veda he is merely the ancestor of the human race, the first one to offer a sacrifice to the gods. In the Satapatha Brahmana and in the Mahabharata he alone survives the universal deluge. In the first chapter of the law-book as- cribed to him, he declares himself to have been produced by Viraj, who was an offspring of the Supreme Being, and to have created all this uni- verse. Hindu mythologv' knows, moreover, a suc- cession of Manus. each of whom created, in his own period, the world anew after it had peri.shed at the end of a nnindane age. The ilunara-DJiariiia-ifrixtra, written in verse, is a collection of religious ordinances, customs, and traditions, such as would naturally grow up by established usage and receive divine sanction in course of time. This work is not a mere law- hook in the Kuropean sense of the word ; it is likewise a system of cosmogony ; it propounds metaphysical doctrines, teaches the art of govern- ment, and treats of the state of the soul after death. In short, it is the religious, secular, and spiritual code of Brahmanism. It is di- vided into twelve books. The chief topics are the following: (1) Creation; (2) education and the duties of a pupil, or the first or- der; (3) marriage and the duties of a liouse- holder, or the second order; (4) means of sub- sistence, and personal morality; (5) diet, puri- fication, and the duties of women; ((i) the duties of an anchorite and an ascetic, or the duties of the third and fourth orders; (7) government, and the duties of a king and the military caste; (8) judicature and law, private and criminal; (9) continuation of the former, and the duties of the commercial and servile castes; (10) mixed castes and the duties of the castes in time of dis- tress; (11) penance and expiation; (12) trans- migration and final beatitude. The text of ilanu has often been edited and translated, as by Jolly, Mdnaca-Dharma-Hustra (London, 1887), by Mandlik. with seven native commentaries (Bombay, 188(1), and in the series of the Xirnaya Sagara Press (Bombay, 1887). There are several translations; especially by Biihler, The Laws of Manu, (Oxford, 1880)"; and by Burnell and Hopkins, The Ordinances of Manu (London, 1884). Consult, also, Hopkins, Mutual Relations of the Four Castes According to the Mdnavadharmacastrani (Leipzig. 1881); Jolj', ICecht und Hitte (Strassburg, 1896). MANUAL (Lat. manualis, relating to the hand, from nianus, hand). The keyboard of an organ played by tile hands, in contradistinction to the pedal, played by the feet. The number of manuals varies from two to four according to the size of the organ. In older French organs even five manuals are found. The names of the different manuals are: (1) Great organ; (2) choir-manual; (3) swell-manual; (4) solo-man- ual; (5) echo-manual. Each manual really is a separate organ in itself, having its own set of pipes and stops. By means of couplers any or all of the manuals can be connected, so that by striking a note on one manual the same note sounds on all the other manuals that are coupled. The usual compass of manuals is four octaves and a fifth, C-g MANUAL OF ARMS. A text-book of rules and explanations for the instruction of military recruits in the use of their arms and their care and preservation. The JIanual of Arms owes much of its elaborateness, both in the L'nited States and England, to its German origin. In this connection it is interesting to note that while the manual remains practically unchanged in the two former countries, the exercise in Ger- many has dwindled to three positions, viz.: Slope arms, order arms, and present arms. In the United States Army all drills are prefaced and concluded with an examination of cartridge chambers, as a precaution against accidents, and for purposes of instruction the movements are divided into motions, and executed in detail. The command of execution determines the prompt execution of the first motion, and the commands Tico, Three, etc., the other motions. The com- mands and movements of the manu.al of arms are given after the soldier is in position with rifle at the order, and are as follows: (1) Order arms; (2) carry arms; (3) present arms; (4) right shoulder arms; (5) port arms. Other movements are: (61 Parade-rest; (7) fix bay- onets; (8) cliarge bayonets. MANUAL TRAINING. This term, in spite of considerable criticism, has come to be gener-