Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/263

* MEASTTBING WORM. 235 MEAT. occurring duriiif; tlic early life of tlic larva, fat which are fmincl in the different parts of the Poulton has made a careful study of the atti- carcass betweou and within membranes and ten- tudcs and colors of these larva;, and rates the dons. Besides the fat ordinarily visible, there is value of their protecting,' inllucnee at a very always present more or less of fat in particles high ])oint. In one variable English sjieciea he too small to be readily distinguished from the states that the dark tint is due to pigment in the lean which surrounds it. These particles can, skin or immediately below it and the green however, be readily obtained by chemical methods color to a layer of fat between the hypoderniis and the superficial muscles. In some geometrids the adult females are wingless. A marked ex- ample of this group is seen in the canker-worm moths of the United States. (See Canker- WOBM.) The winter moth {Cheimatobia hruiiui- t<i}. a species which is conmion and widespread in Europe and North America, has also a wing- less female. One of the currant- worms common to Euroi)e and North America [Eufitchia in quantities sufficient to be seen and weighed. The lean part of the meat has practically the same final structure, regardless of its kind and source. All muscular tissue is made uj) of prism-shaped bundles, which can be divided into smaller and smaller bundles, until finally the muscle fibres or tubes are reached. These ir- regular tubes vary in diameter from j^,,^ to j^j of an inch, and are therefore invisible to the unaided eye. They are held together in bundles leariii) is a member of this gi'oup in which the by means of connective tissue between and inside female is fully winged. w-hich the invisible fat is stored. The en-elope Certain moths of the noetuine series exist, or wall of each tube is a very delicate, elastic whose larva^ lack certain of the middle prolegs, membrane, composed of nitrogenous material, and which therefore walk in a looping or meas- The walls themselves are comparatively perma- uring manner, but these are not true measuring worms. The cotton caterpillar {Aletia xylina) is an example. Consult: Edwards, Staiidnrd Natural ITistory, nent, but their contents are continuallj' under- going change and renewal. Jleat is very commonly eaten fresh, but large quantities are also salted, smoked, dried, and vol. ii. (Boston, 1884); Comstock, ilanual for canned. The meats found in the markets con- the fitudji of Insects (Ithaca, 1895) ; Sharp, sist of the lean or muscular tissue, connective Cambrid(/e yaiiiral Ilislori/, vol. vi. (London, tissue, or gristle, fatty tissue, blood vessels, 1899) ; Packard. "A Ponograph of the Geomet- nerves, bone, etc. No general statement can be rid Moths or Phala-nidse of the United States," made with regard to the proportion in which in Hayden's Annual Report of the United ^tates these substances occur, as it is found to vary Geoloyical durvey, vo. x.{ Washington, 1876). greatly with the kind of animal, with different MEAT (AS. mete, Icel. matr, mata, Goth. mats. OHG. maz, meat, Ger. ilass-leid, aversion to meat). The flesh of animals used as food. Sometimes the word is restricted to the domes- tic animals, cattle, sheep, pigs, while the term 'cuts' from the same animal, and with many other conditions. Nearly all meats bought and sold in the markets contain portions not suitable for eating, which may be properly designated as refuse. Cuts of JIeat. The methods of ctitting car- game is applied to the flesh of wild animals and cassos of beef, veal, mutton, and pork into parts, poultry to the flesh of domestic fowl. The great and the terms used for the different 'cuts,' as importance of the meat in- dustry is indicated by the fol- lowing figures: In 1900 the estimated number of cattle in the United States was 67,000,- 000; of these some 17,000,- 000 were dairy cows, two years old and over, while the remaining .50.000.000 included beef cattle, dairy bulls, dairy heifers under two years old, dairy calves, etc. lii 1901 the total numl)er of cattle slaugh- tered in Cbicagf). Saint Louis, Kansas Citv, and Omaha was 4,500,000. the number slaugh- tered by large jiackers in other cities and bv local butchers greatly exceeds this figiire. The total number of hogs in the United St:ites in 1900 has been estimated at 63.000.000, the number annually slaugh- tered at 40,000.000,' in years when the liusin.>ss was most artive and the sup- these parts are commonlv called, vary consider- ply most plentifid. The value of all hogs slaugh- ablv in diftcrcnt localities. The figures for com- tered during the year ending March 1. 1902. has position quoted below ajiplv in general to cuts been estimated at $338..3.50.000. Similar statis- as indicated by the accoinpanving diagrams, tics for the sheep and lambs slaughtered for These show the positions of the dilterent cuts, both food are not available. in the live animal and in the dressed carcass as _ ileat. i.e. flesh food, consists of the muscular found in the markets. The lines of division be- ti.ssue, or lean, and the varying quantities of tween the different cuts will vary sliglitly accord- VOL. XIII.— 16. Fio. 1. DIAGRAM OF CUTS OF BEEF O've animal). 1. Npck ; 2, chuck : 3. ribs; 4, slioulilered clod ; 5, fore shauk ; 6. brisket ■ 7 cross-ribs : 8, pl,ite ; 9, navel ; 10, loin ; 11, flank ; 12. rump ; 13, round • 14 second cut round ; 15, hind shank.