Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/261

* MEASLES. 233 MEASUBEMENT. some lime very susceptiMe to inllammatory at- tacks. Except for the lesions of the skin there are no characteristic pathological changes in measles. As in other infectious diseases, degenerations in the internal organs, especially in the kidneys, are not uncommon. Extension of the catarrhal in- flammation of the bronchi to the lungs frequent- ly results in a broncho-pneumonia. As to tlie specific cause of the disease nothing is definitely known. Canon and Rielicke in 1892 reported the discovery in fourteen cases of measles of a pe- culiar bacillus which they considered specific. This bacillus was found in the blood, more rarely in the catarrhal exudate, and was from five to seven microniillinieters long. It was sometimes abundant, at other times only a few could be found. Its cultivation on ordinary media was (liHicult. These observations as yet lack con- firmation. MEASURE (OF., Fr. mesurc, from Lat. men- stirii. measure, from tiictiri, to measure). In music, the smallest metrical division of a move- ment or piece, represented by the notes or rests comprised within two successive bars of the staff. The time-value of a measure is a fixed unit, de- pending on the character of the time which gov- erns the movement. There are but two general kinds of time, viz. duple time, containing an ecjual quantity of notes in the bar, and triple time, containing an unequal quantity. See Time. MEASURE FOR MEASURE. A comedy by Shakespeare, produced in 1(101, [)rinted in 162.3. The plot is found in Cinthio's "Hecatommithi." in the romance and tragedy EpUia. It was used by G. Whetstone in his play Promos and Cas- sandra (1578). and in his prose tales Hepta- meron of Civill Discourses (1582). If Shake- s])eare used that version, he took from it merely the outline, and may have known the original. The pla}' belongs to the period of Othello. Bnm- Irt, the revised, and Kiiir/ Lear, which Darme- steter calls his pessimistic period. Though called a comedy, it is gloomy, brightened only by the character of Isabella. After the Resto- ration it was revised and altered by D'Avenant as The Lain Anainst Lovers (1G62), and later adajjtcd by Gildon (1700). MEASUREMENT of Siiip.s for Tonnage. The measureuient of ships to determine their tonnage (q.v. ) is now made in practically the same way by all maritime nations. The old rule in tlio United States was established by act of Congress in 1790. This provided that the ton- nage should be ascertained as follows: From the extreme length in feet deduct three-fourths the breadth ; multiply the remainder thus ob- tained by the breadth and this product by the depth; divide the last product by 95 and the (|U(itient was the register tonnage for payment of dues. In this rule the depth of a doulile-decked vessel was arbitrarily assumed as one-half the breadth, so that it was to the interest of ship- owners to build deep ships without much regard to the cft'ect of the deepening upon other quali- ties. In Great Britain a somewhat similar rule obtained. The square of the breadth was multi- id icd by the inboard length and the product divided by 94. Tliis rule had the .same effect on ship construction as that of the United states; and the rule is still sometimes employed in yacht and pleasure boat measurement. Ton- nage so obtained is designated as 'old measure- ment'; thus, 320 tons (O.JI.). In 1835, due to the efTorts of Mr. Moorsom, an act of Parliament provided for a more accurate determination of the tonnage of vessels. Instead of a thumb rule which might be — and usually was — verj' much in error, the measurement of the cubic contents of vessels was effected in accord- ance with Newton's theorem for the determina- tion of contents of solids bounded by irregular surfaces. Tliis act was followed by the 'Merchant Shipping Act of 1854,' which is the basis of the present practice throughout the maritime world, though some of its provisions have been modified in England as well as elsewhere. The method of measuring prescribed in this act and subsequent amendments is as follows: Pleasure the length of the ship on the tonnage deck from the inside of the planking or plating at the extreme forward end at the stem to the inside of the planking or plating at the ex- treme after end at the stern, and deduct the rake of bow and stern in the thickness of the deck so as to reduce the measurement to the length of the ship at the under side of the deck or tops of the beams. This is the 'length on the tonnage deck.' which deck is the upper one in all ships which have less than three decks and second deck from below in all others. Divide the length obtained as follows: In ships which have a length on the tonnage deck of 50 feet, this length is divided into 4 equal parts; a length of 50 to 120 feet, into G equal parts ; 120 to 180 feet into S equal parts; 180 to 225 feet into 10 equal parts; and over 225 into 12 equal parts. The division marks being established, ascertain the depth at the midship division mark; if it exceeds 16 feet divide it into 7 equal parts, if 16 feet or less, into 5 equal parts. Measure the inside breadth of the ship at each mark and at the upper part of the depth and number them from top to bottom ; multiply the 2d and 4th by 4 and the 3d by 2 ; add these products together and to the sum add the 1st and 5th; multiply the total by one-third the com- mon interval between the breadths and this product will be deemed the transverse area of the upper part of the section. Divide the lower breadth (between the inner bottom, or upper side of double bottom and the lower division line) into four parts by equally spaced trans- verse horizontal lines ; measure the breadth at the four new points and at the toj) of the inner bottom; and proceed as before. The sum of the two areas thus determined is the total transverse area at the point. The transverse areas at the different points (4, 6. 8. 10, or 12 in number) in the length of the ship being determined, they are to be numbered from forward (or aft, either will do), the forward one being at the extreme forward end of the measured length, and the other at its extreme after end. Multiply the .sec- ond and every even numbered area (except the last) by 4, and the third and every odd numbered area (except the first) by 2: add these products together, and to the sum add the- first and last if they yield anything; multiply the sum so obtained by one-third the cinnmon interval be- tween the areas and the product will be the cubic contents of the ship below the tonnage deck. ■ Add to this the cubic contents of all in- closed spaces above the tonnage deck including