Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/253

MAZZEI. of arms, ainiminition, and supplies, and in 1785 he revisited Anieriea. The correspondence be- tween liinj and Jellerson was renewed after tliis second visit, anil in April, ITttti, Jellerson wrote lo him the fanions 'ilazzei letter.' In it he liit- terlv attacked tlie Federalist leaders (including, !>- implication, Wasliington) for their 'monar- chiwtic' tendencies, and declared that democracy was heini; het rayed by "men who were Samsons in the Held and Solomons in the council, but who have had their heads sliorn by this harlot, Kng- land." The letter was translated into Italian and publislied in an Italian paper, translated into Frencli and published in the Munitcur at I'aris, where it was seen by an American by whom it was translated into English, and sent to the United States, where it appeared in print in May, 1797, soon after JefTerson's inaugura- tion as Vice-President. Its publication raised a furor among the Federalists, who, in their feel- ing against .Jefferson, even suggested his impeach- ment, ilazzei subsequently became a privy coun- cilor to the King of Poland, and later in life was pensioned by the Czar of Russia. He wrote Uecherches historir/ues et poUtiques sur les Etats- Cnis lie VAmerique septentriotmlc (1788).

MAZZINI, mat-se'ne. Gu'SEPPE (1808-72). Italian patriot prominently connected with the struggle for Italian unity and the republican movement throtighout Europe. He was born in Genoa. .June 28, 1808. studied at the University of Genoa, and practiced law in his native city. In 1827 his first essay in litera- ture. "Deir amor patrio di Dante," appeared in the Liberal journal // t^'iibnlpino; and he sub- sei|nently contributed critical, literary, and jiolitical papers to the Antologia of Florence and the Iiidicatore Genorese. In the pages of the latter originally appeared the essay sub.se- ipiently republished under the title of ficritti (I'mi UaUano virenie. In 1830 Mazzini joined the Carbonari (q.v. ) and at once became an active and inlhiential member. He was soon arrested, detained for six months in the fortress of Savona. and tinally liberated on condition of his departure from Italy. After short resi- dences in several places, he made his home in Marseilles, and thence addressed to Charles Al- bert of Sardinia the famous letter which caused him to be eondenined to perpetual banishment. Having become convinced that the Carbonari was not erticient for the work of Italian regenera- tion. JIazzini now undertook the organization of a new liberal league. Young Italy (18.31). This organization sought to secure the over- throw of all existing Italian governments and the iniion of the peninsula under a republican government. In addition to its paramount aim. the general principles of this association enforced the obligation to labor for a common moral regeneration and the establishment of political equality over the world. Liberty, equality, and humanity were the watchwords of the body; education and insurrection the great agencies of its o])erations; assassination was erased from its statutes, and the symbolic dagger of I lie Carbonari was replaced by the more hunianft emblems of a book and the cypress. Tlie white, red. and green tricolor flag of the society became that of the new Italian nation. Mazzini was the animating spirit of this league, which was the parent of similar associations adapted to the individual requirement of the various European nationalities. In 1834 Mazzini planned an armed invasion of Savoy from Switzerland, and on Feb- ruarj' 1st an attack was made on .some cuslnm- liouse ollicials at the frontier of Savoy; but the undertaking failed utterly. In 1837 Mazzini quitted Switzerland for England, and took up his residence in London. There he maintained in- cessant activity in literary propaganda, and was in touch with ])olitical agitators of his own coun- tiy, Poland, and other countries. He wrote nmch for various periodicals, on literary subjects, com- numism, education, music, etc. After the Febru- ary Revolution of 1848 JIazzini went to Jlilan, where he was a resolute ojiponcnt of the proposed annexation of the smaller Italian States to Sar- dinia. He retired to Switzerland on the capitu- lation of Milan to the Austrians,only to reappear in Florence on the rising in Tuscany. He became a member of the Provisional Government, and when, almost simultaneously, Rome was pro- claimed a republic, he was sent there as a Deputy, and was elected triumvir. On the tak- ing of Rome by the French troops under Oudinot, he went to Switzerland and thence returned to London. He bitterly attacked the course of France in public letters to De Tocqueville and others. At his instigation, as president of the Italian National Conuuittee, risings in Jlilan (1853) and in Genoa (1857) were attempted. In 1859, while lending the wdiole weight of his in- fluence to the revolutionary movements going on in Italy, he comI)ated the threatened French in- tervention. He assisted in organizing Garibaldi's expeditions of 18(10. 1802, and 18G7. Though re- peatedly elected by Messina to the Italian Parlia- ment, Mazzini refused to take his seat under a monarchical government. In I8GG the Italian Government abrogated the sentence of death un- der which Mazzini had been living for many years, but he refused to accept a "pardon for having loved Italy beyond all earthly things." In 1808 he fell into a dangerous illness, from the effects of which his health never recovered, though his zeal remained as ardent as ever. After an ineffective scheme for a republican ris- ing in Sicily in 1870, Mazzini ventured to enter Italy, and was arrested at Gaeta, where he re- mained a prisoner till Rome was occupied by the Italian army. On his death, at Pisa, March 10, 1872, the Italian Government accorded him a public funeral. Of the value of Jlazzini's services to the cause of Italian independence there are widely difTering opinions. Republican- ism was a cardinal principle with him. to which he adhered with inllexible tenacity, never being willing to yield his personal conviction to the actual necessities of Italy as did Manin, Gari- baldi, and Crispi. Hence he antagonized the Sar- dinian monari'hy, and obstructed the work of Cavour. His impassioned writings often led less noble spirits into deeds that he would not at all apjirove. Mazzini possessed in the highest degree that personal fascination by which friends are converted into ardent partisans. In his pri- vate life he was a model of purity and frugal simplicity, as in his public career he was con- spicuous for disinterestedness and self-abnega- tion.

A comprehensive edition of Mazzini's works, in eighteen volumes, IfrrUti edile ec! iiicdite, appeared in Milan, 1801-01. Editions of his letters were published at Jlilan in 1875. at Rome in 1885, and at Ttirin in 1888. Consult: