Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/249

* MAYOR. 221 MAYOW. gained a reputation as mayor of a smaller town. He is elected by the eity council for a long term, often for life. The prevailing method of .selecting mayors in the larger countries of Europe is elec- tion by the niunieipiil council. In Belgium, Denmark, Holland, .Norway and Sweden, and iu Italy, so far as the larger towns are concerned, the method of appointment is by the central government. In the United States the office of mayor existed from the earliest cobmial times, being taken over as a part of the English municipal system. At first the mayor was usually appointed by the tiovernor, and was generally a member of the municipal cimncil. Later he was excluded from the council and then came to be chosen by the council, although occasionally, as in the city of Boston, he was elected bj' popular vote from the beginning. This is now the rule in the United States almost without exception. The term of the mayor in the United .States varies from one year to five, the usual term being two years. Everywliere in Europe the mayor acts as the local agent of the central government and consequently is often subject to disci])linarv control liy the cen- tral government. Thus the French ma.yor may be sus|)cndcd bv the ])refect for one month, by the Minister of the Interior for three months, and may be permanently removed by the President : a somewhat similar rule prevails in other Conti- nental States. In several American States the mayor may be removed by the Governor for cause, subject to the power of the courts to de- termine what shall constitute just cause in a given case. Besides his duty as agent of the cen- tral government the mayor is the official bend of the municipal corporation. His powers are much larger in some countries than in others. In the United States there is a marked tendcnc.v of late years toward increasing the power of this officer and making him chiefly responsible for the good government of the city. See .sections Ijornl Gov- ernment in the various countries mentioned. See also .MrxinpALiTT. MAY'OR, .Toiix Eyetox Bickerstetii (182.5 — ). . Enirlish classical jiliilologist. born at Baddagama, Ceylon. He graduated from Saint John's College, Cambridge, and was appointed fellow in 1849; from 184!i to 1853 he was assist- ant master at Marlborough College. In the latter year he was appointed college lecturer, and since 1872 has been professor of Latin in the univer- sity. He also held the office of librarian of the university from 180.3 to 18(17. Professor Mayor is best known as editor of Thirleeii f)'ilires of Ju- vennl (2 vols.. 4th ed.. Lnndon, 1881). He has also edited some of Cicero's works. Homer's Odi/sscii. books ix.-xii.. and is the autlior of many other works relating to the classics, the history of education, and (lie Clinrch. He was formerly one of the editors of the Journal of PhUolocjxj and of the Ctiixsical Revieir. MAYOR. .TosEPii Btckerstet II (1828— K An English classical scholar. He was educated at Rugbv and at Saint .lohn's College, Cambridire. From 18(13 to 18(18 he was head Tnaster of Kingston Proprietary School, and in 1870 be- oamc professor of classics in King's College. Lon- don. This po.st he resigned in 1870. flavor had married in 1803 a niece of the historian CcorL'c Orote, and became his literary executor, editing his posthumous essays on philosophy. His other works include an edition of Cicero, De datura Uevruni (1880-85); a valuable bibliography en- titled A Guide to the Choiee of Clasaieal liook.i (1880-9G); Chapters on Enylish Metre (2d ed. lOUl) ; and editions of the I'Jpi.itle of Saint Jamex (2d ed, 1892) and of Clement of Alexandria, Htromateis, Book VII. (based on Horfs notes, 1902). He edited the Classieal Review (1887- 93). He was a brother of J. E. B. Mayor. MAYORGA, ma-yor'gi, Martin de (c.l715- 83). A viceroy of .Mexico. In 1773 he was ap- pointed Governor of Ontral America. In 1779, on the death of Bucareli, he was made Viceroy of Mexico. While he was in power there broke out an epidemic of smallpox, to arrest which he made great exertions. He founded an academy of arts in Mexico, and sent to the royal archives of Spain for publication copies of the manuscripts of the liistorian Veytia. His attitude toward foreign encroachment was vigorously defensive. MAYOR OF THE PALACE. See JIa.ior DOMIS. MAYORUNA, iiiii'yo-rnn'n.i. A tierce and savage tribe of Panoan stock (q.v.) living south of the MaraiJon (Amazon), between the Ucayali and .Javari rivers. Xortheastern Peru. They "are supposed to have lived formerly farther to the west and to have been driven into the forest by the Inca conquest. From the frequency of beards and light skins among them, traditionally due to admixture of Spanish captive bloo<l. they are sometimes called liartjados (bearded) bv the Spaniards. They live by hunting and keep to the forests, seldom coming down to the rivers, being at war both with all the other tribes and with the whites. Their weapons are spears, clubs, and blowpipes, and they are famous for their powerful blowgun poison. They are tall and well formed, go perfectly naked, and cut their hair across the forehead, letting it fall loosely diiwn beliind. MAYO-SMITH, Rioiimoxd (1854-19011. An American economist and educator, born in Troy, Ohio. He graduated at Andierst in 1875. aiid after two years at Berlin and Heidelberg became assistant professor of economics at Columbia. In 1880 he began to teach in the graduate school of political science, where he devoted himself especiallv to statistics, a form of investigation in which he was an acknowledued authority. He was an editor of the Political Science u<ir- tcrh), vice-president of the American Statistical Association, and one of the founders of the American Economic Association. His publica- tions include: Emigration and Immiqraiion (1890); Hociolofjy and Statinticf! (1895); and Statistics and Economics (1899). MAYOTTA, ma-yot'ta. One of the Comoro Islands ((|.-.). MAYOW, nm'.i, or MAYO. .loii.N (1G43-79). An English scientist and philosopher, born in London. He studied Uiav and medicine at Oxford, and practiced medicine at Bath, but devoted himself specially to research in chem- istry and phvsiology. and is chiefly known for his ingenious speculations concerning (he process of combustion, in which he anticipated, to some extent, the ideas which have since been induced from the discoveries of Priestley. Lavoisier, and others. His principal publication is De f!alo Xiiro et Spiritii itri Ai'reo (1674). His work