Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/237

* MAXIMILIAN. 209 MAXIMITE. neiit of the Protestant cause. W'lien in 1U07 tile ban of the Empire was pronoiineed agr.inst the free city of Donauwiirth (q.v.), he was ap- pointed to occupy the town, which he forthwith proceeileJ to make Konian Catliolie. As a re- sult of his methods, the Protestant Union was organized in 1008. He in turn established the Catholic League (1609), with liiniself at its head. After the disturbances in the Austrian <'slates (1018-1'J), he sided with the Emperor Ferdinand II. (q.v.), and arrangements W"rc made ( 1019) by which he was to receive the I'p- pcr Pahitinatc and the electoral dignity of Fred- erick V. (q.v.). His army, commanded by Tilly, defeateil that of Frederick under Christian cf Aidialt at the battle of the White .Mountain (No- vendier 8, 1020). and occupied the Palatinate. It was he who, in opposition to any extension of the imperial power through Wallenstein's army, ell'ected Wallenstein's dismissal at the Diet of Ratisbon (1023). During the Swedish period of the war he was driven from Munich by the entrance of Gustavus Adolphus into Ba- varia in 1G32. In 1037-38 he fought against the Swedes and French on the I'pper Rhine, but in 1047 independently concluded the truce of rini. He has been considered the most im- ])ortant Gennan statesman of the time. Con- sult: Wolf, Geschichte Maximilians I. und seiner 7.cit (continued by Breyer, 4 vols., Munich, 1807- 11), and Von Aretin, (leseliiclile drs bairischen ller:ogs iind Kurfiirsl( n Maximilian I. (vol. i., Passau, 1842). See also the article Thirty Ye.rs' ■'.r. MAXIMILIAN II., Emanuel (1662-1720). An elector of Bavaria, grandson of Maximil- ian the Great. He succeeded his father, Fer- <linand Maria, in 1679; fought on the side of Austria in the great struggle against the Turks ■which began in 1083 and in 1085 married JIaria Antonia, daughter of the Emperor Leopold L Appointed Governor of the S])anish Netlicrlands ill 10!I2. he resigned this thankless jiost after the death of his son. who had been named heir to the Spanish throne. He sided with France in the War of the Spanish Succession. Louis XIV. hav- ing promised him the Spanish Netherlands. But the defeat of HJichstadt (1704) more than out- weighed his previous victories ; the Elector was forced to take I'efuge in the Netherlands, and was not restored nntil the Peace of Baden in 1714. ■Consult Ruith. Kurfiirst Max Emanuel ran Bay- ern mid die Donaiisllidte ( Ingolstadt, 1889). MAXIMILIAN I. (Maximili. Joseph) ( 17.")li-lS2.j) . First King (originally Elector) of Bavaria. He succeeded Charles Theodore as Elector of Bavaria in 1799. His domestic pol- icy was excellent, aiming at general reform. He aimed at dynastic aggrandizement, and, as a reward for his support of Xajjoleon. received the title of King, which he assumed in ISOO. and important accession of territory in Swabia and Fran.Tinia. together with Tyrol, and later Salz- burg, both of which he had afterwards to relin- quish. In the War of Liberation he reluctant- ly sided with the Allies. His liberal policy at home was shown by his grant of the Constitution of ISIS, which unified his scattered domains. MAXIMILIAN II. (Maximilian Jo.seph) (Isll (14 1. King of Bavaria. He was the son of Louis I., studied at Giittingen and Berlin, traveled abroad, and gave himself, while prince, to a quiet life surrounded by men famous in art and literature. On his father's abdication in 1848, Maximilian ascended the throne, and made concessions to the liberal spirit of the time: but though he favored German unity, he looked with hostility uimn Prussia, ^.nd turned rather to Austria as the leader in the Inovement of uiiihciUiiin. MAXIMILIAN, Okder of. A royal Bava- rian order, with but one class, founded by Maxi- milian II. in 1853 for distinction in science and art. It is intended especially for German schol- ars and artists, and its membersliip is limited to 100. The King is the grand master. MAXIMIL'IA'NA. See Inaja Palm. MAXIMI'NUS, Gaivs .Julius Vekus. A Roman Em|icror ( a. u. 233-238). He W'as original- ly a Thracian shepherd. Attracting the attention of the Emperor Septimius Severus by his im- mense size and wonderful feats of strength and agility, he was admitted to the army ; was rapid- ly advanced for his bravery, put in command of a new legion raised in Pannonia, and obtained great influence over the soldiers. At the head of this legion he followed Alexander Severus in his campaign against the Germans. When the army was encamped on the banks of the Rliinc, he conspired against Alexander, and caused him to be put to death in his tent, with his mother Mam- m*a (a.d. 235). Being proclaimed Emperor, he named his son ila.ximus Ca'sar, and made him col- league in the Empire. He continued the war against the Germans, and devastated a large territory beyond the Rhine. But his cruelty and rapacity aroused the indignation of the peo- ple. For alleged conspiracy against him he put to death Magnus, a Senator, with 4000 other persons, and for the Imperial treasun,' confis- cated the municipal property. He opposed Chris- tianity, and persecuted the bishops who had been favored by Alexander. The provinces of Africa revolted and ])roclaimcd (ioidianus. who was soon after acknowledged by the Senate and people (March, 238). but died after a brief reign of twenty-two days. Fearing the vengeance of ilaximinus, the Senate then proclaimed Em- perors Pupienus Maximus and Balbinus. and with them was associated, by order of the iieople. the third Gordianus. Maximinus. having crossed the Isonzo. laid siege to Aquileia in Italy, but met with strong resistance from the garrison and people. The soldiers mutinied and killed both him and his son. .Tunc 17, 238. MAXIMINUS DA'ZA, Galerius Valerius. A Roman Em])eror (a.d. 308-313). When Dio- cletian and Maximian abdicated (a.d. 305), Ga- lerius and Constantius Chlorus were made Au- gusti. and Flavins Severus and Jlaximinus Daza became Ccesars, and Daza received the (iovern- ment of Syria and Egypt. Earlv in 308 he proclaimed himself Augustus. He persecuted the Christians relentlessly. In 313 war broke out between Daza and Lieinius, the successor of Flavins Severus. and ended with the defeat and deatli of the former in August of the same year. MAXIMITE (named for its inventor, Hud- son Maxim, q.v.). A high explosive, used as a bursting charge for armor-piercing projectiles. Its composition is a secret, which was acquired by the L'nited States Government in 1901, but it is known to be a picric acid compound and is said to be 50 per cent, more powerful than ordi- nary dynamite. Though easily detonated by a