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* MATTHEW. 194 MATTHIAS. tions of tlip more recent lonimentaries on Mat- thew, foiisull the following special works: Wcstiott. Intruduvtion to the Study of the Gos- pels (Nc-w York. 1806) ; Palmer. The Gospel Problems and Their Solution (London. ISD'J) ; Badliam, Formation of the Gospels (London, 18i)l); Carpenter. The First Three Gospels (London. IS'.IO) ; Resell, Die Loijia Jrsu (Leip- zig, 18!"S) : Dalman. Die lVo»7f Jesu (Eng. trans., Edinburgli. 1902) ; J. A. Robinson. The Study of the Gospels (London. 1!102) ; Wright, Composition of the Four Gospels (London, 18!l(M. MATTHEW OF WESTMINSTEB. An imaginary name by which the supposed author of the Florcs llistoriarum was designated. Lu- ard demonstrated that no such person ever ex- isted, and that the Flares was the work of sev- eral dill'ercnt authors. Consult Luard's preface to his edition of the Flores, in 3 vols. (London, ISim). in the ■•Riills Scries." MATTHEW PARIS, or ^Matthew of Pabis. An r.ngli^h ihr(jnicler. See Parls, :M.tthew. MATTHEWS, math'uz, En.MlND Orville (lS.it) — ). . American naval otliccr. bom at Baltimore. Ho graduated at the Naval .cademy in IS.5.5. and in lS(il, on board the Wubnsli, assist- ed in the capture of the Confederate forts at Hat- teras Inlet. He was appointed lieutenantcom- mander in 18ti2. connnamled the Sonoma of the South .tlantie Squadron in 18046.'). and from ISC)") to ISO!) was on duty at the Naval Academy. In lS7n he was promoted to be commander, and from 1S7S to 1881 was inspector of ordnance at the lirooklyn Navy Yard. In ISSl he was ap- pointed captain, in 1804 commodore, and in 1898 rear admiral, and. having been retired in the latter year, was appointed president of the E.- aminiiig Hnnnl. MATTHEWS (.Tamks) Bkandee (18.52—). An -American author and educator, born in New- Orleans. He graduated from Columbia College in 1871 and from the Columbia Law School in 187.3. In 1802 he was made a professor in Co- lumbia, and soon won eminence in America as a critic of dramatic literature. His writings con- sist mainly of essays on the theatre, of comedies, and of sliiirt stories, yet .iHirrirdiiisHis and liriti- cismn (1802) might "be dassitied as a linguistic study. .-Xs their titles imply. Aspects of Fiction (1800; revised in 1002) and .In Introduction to the'Stndi/ of American Literature (1800) enter upon otiier fields. His Father's Son (ISO.'j), a novel, deals with a New York broker's influence on his son. Sketches of New York life, called iiincltes of Manhattan, appeared in 1894: .S7h<Z- ies in l.oral Color appeaicil in 1808. and .4. Confident Tomorrow in 1900. Matthcws's drs- mnlic critieisiii, which is French in tone, includes French Dramatists of the Xinrteenth Century (1881: revised in 1801 and 1901) and Studies of the Slafie (1894), to which may be added The ThralrcH of Paris (ISSO). His comedies, which are literarj- rather than practically dramatic, include 'l/-ij:y (1824-89). An American jurist, born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He graduated at Kenyon College in 1840. practiced law in Cincinnati, and was judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1851-53. He was elected to the State Senate in 1855, served in the Civil War aa lieutenant-colonel and colonel of Ohio regiments, and was judge of the Supreme Court of Cinein- ^ nati in 1803-04. (r)n the resignation of .John Sherman he was elected to the United States. Senate as a Republican, and served in 1877-79. He was appointed by President Garfield justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1881. MATTHEWS, Wasiii.xgtox (1843—). An American ethnologist, bom at Killiney in Ire- land. He graduated from the medical depart- ment of the University of Iowa in 1804; entered the United States Army as assistant surgeon, and retired in 1805 with the rank of surgeon. He nuide ethnological and philological studies of North .American Indian trilies, and publislied: Dictionary of the Lanyuaye of the Ilidatsa (1873); Xavajo Sihersmiths (1883): .Yarn;o ^ Hforrrs (1884); The Mountain Chant, a -Ya- i vajo Ceremonii (1887) ; and Navajo Legends i (1807). MATTHI'AS (Lat., from Gk. MarWas. a shorter form of MaTraSias, Maltathias, horn Heb. Mattilhyfih, Gift of Yahwch). The dis- ciple chosen bv lot to succeed .ludas Iscariot as. one of the Twelve Apostles (Acts i. 15-20). This is the onlv reference to him in the New Testa- ment. Later tradition (Eusebius, Hist. Eccles., i. 12; ii. 1) made him one of the seventy (Luke X. 1). He figures ])rominently in Apocryi)hal literature: a Gospel of ilatthias and the Atts of Andrew and Jlatthias deal with his doctrine and his work among the Ethiopian cannibals. MATTHIAS (1557-1010). Holy Roman Em- peror from 1012 to 1010. He was biu-n February 24. 1557. a younger son of Maximilian II. In 1557 a Catholic party in the Belgijin Netherlands offered him the governorship, which he accepted. He found his autliority. however, hemmed in at all points, and resigned in 1581. In 1503 his 1)rothcr, the Emperor Rudolph II.. appointed him Gov- ernor of the .Archduchy of .Austria. Matthias ex- erted himself to suppress Protestantism, in which he had the assistance of the celebrated prelate Khlcsl (<i.v.). In consequence of the incapacity of Rudol[)h. whose oppressive acts had excited .a formidable insurrection in Hungary. Matthias was fcirmally declared by the .Austrian princes head of their house in IfiOO. He thereui)on came to terms with the Hungarian Protestants, con- eluding with them the Treaty of Vienna. Two vcars later he extorted from Rudolph, liy the Treaty of Lieben, .lune 25. 1008. the cession of .Austria. Hungary, and Moravia, and in 1011 the crown of Bohemia, of which Rudolph had been depriveil liy his subjects, was transferred to Mat- thias. Rudolph died without issue in 1012. and Matthias was at once chosen his successor in the G<>rman Empire. A confederation of Protestant States, known as the I'nion. had been established in 1008. and a Roman Catholic League had been organized in 1C09. Matthias attcmpleil unsuc-