Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/216

* MATILDA. 188 MATBIARCHATE. After her husband's death in 1125 she returned to Enghmd. and in 112G her father conipelle.l the barons of the realm to swear that they would aecept her as his heir. In 1128 slie was niar- ricd to (ieoll'rev Plantagenet. son of the Count of . jou. In 1133 she gave birth to a son, who was to ascend the throne of En<;land as Henry II. Wlien Henry I. died in 1135, Matikla im- mediately ehiimed all his possessions, but was opposed bv lier cousin Stephen of Blois. In Nor- mandy she was successful, but in Enj,dand Ste- phen " was generally accepted as King, though Matilda was loval'lv supported by her half- brother Robert of Gloucester. In 1141 she was for a time victorious; Stephen was captured and even his brother Henry. Bishop of Winches- ter anil I'apal legate, submitted to her rule. But the nobles of England found her too haughty, and rose against her authority, and her cause was hopelessly lost until Hcniy was old enough to participate in the contest. After Henry II. came to the throne she used her influence with the King for the preservation of peace in the Kin"(loni. and sought to be mediator between him'and 15eekct (q.v.). Consult Round, ilcoflrey lie Mdiidri-iUc: .1 ><tudy of the Anarchy (Lon- don. 1882). MATILDA (104G-1115). Countess of Tus- canv noted through her close connection with the Papacv during its struggle with the Emperor Henry' IV. She was a daughter of Boniface 111., Count of Tuscany, and Beatrice of Lorraine. In 1070 she married bv procuration Godfrey (sur- named // dohho. i.r. "the Hunchback"). Duke of Lorraine. Her husband did not Join her until lull, and died in 1070. After this Matilda made hei^elf consjjicuous by the zeal with whiih she espoused the cause of Gregory VII.. and it was at her castle of Canossa that Henry IV. in 1077 made his humiliating submission to the Pope. In 108!t. though forty-three years'of age, she con- tracted a nominal marriage with the eighteen- year-old Guelph. the son of (iuelph. Duke of Bavaria, in order to gain additional support for Gregory's successor. Urban IL, but the marriage was dissolved in 1005. When she died (.July 24, 11 15). the Pajjacy claimed her extensive ter- ritories, comprising Tuscany, Bn'scia, Modena, Reggio. Mantua, and Ferrara. on the ground that in 1077 she hail made the Cluinh her heir. This produced a new conflict between Papacy and Em- pire, Avhich lasted until the thirteenth century. In the course of this contest the cities rose to great power and asserted their independence. Consult: Tosti. La coiilen.tn Matilda rd i romani pniiti/ici (2d cd., Rome. ISSfi) : Overmann, tir.-ifin Mathildi: vo» Tttscirii. Ihrr Hr.iit::U)i<iin. (Je- schichte ihrcs (lutes ioh lll.j-1320 und ihre Reyesten (Innsbruck, 1895). MATILE, niAtel'. C.eoroe ArofSTE (1807- 81 I. . Swiss-.Vnieriean jurist, born at La Chaux- de Konds ( N'euehatel ) . He was educated for the bar at the tiennan univer-^iliis of Berlin and Heidelberg, and still later studied in Paris. He was admitted to the bar (IS.tS) at Xeuehittel, and eight years afterwards was appointed pro- fessor of liiw at the university there, and judge of the Supremo Court. He came to .Vnierica in 1840, and in 1856 was made professor of history nl Princeton. In 1858 he removed to the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania ns professor of French literature. From 180.3 until his death he wag connected with the State Uciiartmenl in Wash- ington. His works include: Points do coutume (1838) : Auluili- da droit rumuin dc la coutume de ISouryoijnc ct de la Caroline dans la princi- liautc de .cuchutcl (1838) ; Musce historique de Seuchatel (1841-59); Monuments de I'histoire de yeuchiitcl (1844-48); Uistoire de la scigncu- rie (Ic alangin (1852). MATIN, mii'tiiN' (OF. mastin, matin, from ML. "mansuetinus, from mansuetare, to tame, from mansuetus, p.p. of mansuescerc, to tame, from mad MS, hand + suescere, to become accus- tomed, inchoative of suere, to be accustomed). A large kind of dog, now almost peculiarly French, but allied to the Great Dane. It has rough hair, a rather flat forehead, a rather pointed muzzle; the ears erect, but bent down at the tijjs. It is generally of a whitish color, clouded with brown. It is flerce, but not very courageous. Com]iare HouxD. MATINS. See C.NO.MCAL HoUBS; Bbeviary. MATLOCK. A town of Derbyshire, England, situated amid beautiful scenery, 1.^ miles north of Derby. It is noted for its hot mineral springs and baths and stalactite caves. Population, in I'JOl, 5980. MA'TKIAR'CHATE (from Lat. mater, Gk. nvrrip. invti'r, muther + dpx*s> urchos. ruler, from ipxfi-y, urchcin, to rule). Any social group, as a family, a clan, or a tribe, ruled by a woman or by woiiien. The term has been used in eth- uologv since the publication in 1805 of Bach- ofen's" Das Mutterrccht, in which it was shown that in all races there exist survivals of a metronvmic period when children took the mother's name, instead of the father's name, and when propertv also der-cendcd in the female line. Such a system is still in full force among the North Aiiierican Indians, and has been c;ireiu!ly descrilied by Morgan in his Lcaijuc of the Iro- i/uois in 1849. As ;iii existing system it may even now lie observed among the Damaras of South Africa, the Congo tribes of West Africa, the ill- land negroes, the Kasias of Bengal, the Tahiti- ans and Tongans of Polynesia, and the Hovas of Madagascar. This system, however, is in fact only metronymic, and everywhere falls short of being matriarchal. There is no proof that mankind lias jiassed through a stage of elan or tribal rule by women, although in his aceouiit of the lioqui'>is Long House Morg:in i>resents a picture of a rigorous control of domestic allairs bv a matron. Moreover, in the Iroipiois clan a position of importance and respect was accorded to women. They voted in the council of the clan, on equal terms with men. In various .fri- can and Polvnesian tribes women have held the most exalteii po>ition. that of queen of a tribal confeileracv. This, however, was no such •matri- archy' as was at one time imagined by ethnolo- gists disposed to believe that a ])atri:uclial sys- tem had been preceded by one in which woman's relative importance was as great as that of man at a later time became. More complete investi- gations have shown that under melnmyinic organization it is not the wife and mollicr who exercises an authority over children whidi the husband does not possess. The authority really lies in the hands of the woman's nearest male kinsmen, that is. her brothers, or her m.aternal uncles. These male kinsmen even exercise an-