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* MASSENA. 168 MASSILLON. defense of Genoa, but alti'i- an heroic resistance of nearly two uiontlis was (.'onipcUed to surrender the city to the Austrians in June. After the battle of ilarenf; Bonaparte gave him the eom- nianil of the Army of Italy. In 1804 he was made a marshal of tlie Empire. In 1805 he again com- manded in Italy, ably mauceuvring against Arch- duke Charles. In 1800 he compelled the surren- der of Gacta, and was largely instrumental in placing .loseph Bonaparte on the throne of Xaples. After the battle of Eylau | February 7-8, 1807) ilassena commanded the right wing of the I'"rencli,army, and after the Peace of Tilsit (q.v.) he was nuidi' Duke of Kivoli. He subsequently distinguished himself in the sanguinarv battle of Aspern (E'^sling), in ISOfl, and at U'agram (q.v.) be commanded the left wing of the Kreneh army. For these services he was ereate<l Prince of Essling. In 1810 he was intrusted with the chief command in Portugal, and coni]H!lled the British and their allies to fall back to Lisbon; but l)eing unable to make any impression on Wel- lington's strong position at Torres Vedras, he resigned his conunand and retired in semi-dis- grace. His failure he attributed to the disobe- dience of his lieutenants Ncy, Regnier, and ,Iunot. During the Rest<nation he gave his adhesion to the Bourbons. He died April 4, 1817. His Me- moircft (Paris. 184!)-r)0), edited by General Koch, contain historical matter of interest and value. Consult also Toselli, Xolice biographiqiic sur Mdsxrna (Nice, 1809). MASSENET, mas'na', Jules Emile FRfin^Rlc (1842— ). A French composer, bom at Jfontaud, in the Department of the Loire. He was edu- cated at the Paris Conservatory, where he won prizes for his pianoforte playing and for fugue- writing. Subsequently he studied under Ani- broise Thomas and in 18G3 won the Grand Prix de Rome. In 1878 he was made professor of ad- vanced composition at the Conservatory, which post he held until 1800, and in 1878 he was elected to the Academic des Beaux-Arts. In the latter year he made a successful tour of Great Britain. His instrumentation is especially fine, and he is a master of dainty, bizarre elfccts. His works include the following operas: Don Cfsar de linzan (1872) ; IjCx Erinniiea (187.3) ; /ye roi de hahore{%n) ; lUr(>dinde'{i^) : .1/nnon ( 1884) ; Lc aid (188.">) ; Exvlnirmonde (1880) ; Le Mage (1801: ^y,^rthrr (1892); Thais (1894): An A'a- varraixe (1894): Saplio (1807): Crndrillon (1899): Le Jongleur de yotre-Dame (1902). He also wrote the cantatas Marii- Mudrlcinr (1873); Eve (187.'J): Ea Vierge and arcisxc (1878); orchestral suites, firi'neii hoiigrnises, fleenes pittorrxr/iiex, and Seenes dramatiqties after Shakespeare, and several orchestral over- tures, notably to Racine's Phedre. His many col- lections of songs are world famous. Consult Hervey. Musleis of French Music (London. 1894). MAS'SEY, Gerald (1828—). An English Iioet, born at Gand)le Wharf, near Tring. Here- fordshire, of poor parents who gave liim little education. When eight years old he was placed in a silk mill where he worked twelve hours a day. At fifteen he found employment in London ns an errand boy. and soon began writing verse. Stirred by the Chartist movement and the Revo- lution of 1848, he started a weekly pnner called the Spirit of Freedom, which was devoted to the interests of workingrnen; joined the 'Christian Socialists,' and was encouraged in his undertak- ing by Kingsley and JIauriee. He afterwards lectured on spiritualism in England, the United Stales, and Australia. Among his poems arc; ]uices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love (1850); The Balhid of liabc Vhrislahel, and Other I'ocms (1854); lIaeelocl;'s March, and Other I'ocms (18(10); .1 Tale of Eternity, and Other Po- ems (1809); My Lyrical LiYe (coUecteil poems, 1889). We may mention, also, many contribn- tions to the periodicals, and several volumes of prose; as, Shakespeare's Sonnets .Yerer Before Interpreted (1866) : The Secret Drama of Shake- speare's Sonnetsi (1888) ; and Concerning Spiritu- alism (1872). ilassey's social verse now ap- pears bombastic; his dramatic songs and lyrics are often sweet and beautiful. MASSI, miis'se, Gextile, An Italian painter. See I .'KMII.K UA F.BRIA.XO. MAS'SICOT (Fr. massicot, from masse. Lat. mas.vi. mass. lump, from Gk. /liSfa, nia::a, barley cake, from iiAaaeiv, nuissein, to knead ) . A mineral yellow leacl oxide. It is found massive, usually with a crystalline and shining surface, whidi. when broken, shows a scaly te.xture. Artificial crystals of massicot have been obtained ami>ng furnace products, and by direct chemical methods. MAS'SrLLON. A city in Stark County. Ohio, 65 mih-s south of Cleveland, and S miles west of Canton, the county-seat: on the Tuscarawas River, tlie Ohio Canal, and the Cleveland. Lorain and Wheeling, the Wheeling and Lake Erie, and the Peimsylvania railroads (Map: Ohio, (i 4). It is the centre of the noted Tuscarawas Valley coal field, and in its vicinity are several ipiarries of valuable white sandstone. The industrial )dants produce extensively farming implements and machinery, stationary and portable engines, iron bridges, bar iron, glass liottles. stoves and heating furnaces, and steel tubing and I)ipe. In llassillon is the new State Hospital and ,sylmi for the Insane, llassillon was founded in 1825, was incorporated as a village in 1S53. and was chartered as a city in 1868, the original charter now being in operation. The government is administered by a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council which elects the boards of health and eqinilization. and cimfirms the executive's nominations to the boards of sewer and park commissioners. The board of education is independentiv elected bv popular vote. Popu- lation, in 1890,' 10,092; iri 1900, 11,944, MASSILLON, mft's^-yox', Jean Baptiste ( 166.'!- 1742 ) . . distinguished French pulpit ora- tor, born at Hyi^res, .Tune 24. 160.'!. He en- tered the Congregation of the Oratory in l(i81, and while engaged in teaching theology' in the diocese of ^Nfeaux, he delivered an eloquent funeral oration on the .Archbishop of Vienne. which led to his being called to Paris and placed at the head of the Seminary of Saint Maghiire. There a course of conferences, delivered in the seminary, established his reputation. More than any of his contemporaries, he was able to lay bare the secret springs of human action. He was twice called to [ueach in (he presence of Louis XrV. at Versailles. His funenil oration on the Prince of Conti. in 1709. was one of his greatest triumphs. In 1710 he pronounced a funeral ora- tion over the Dauphin, and in 1715 one on Louis XIV. In 1717 Massillon was named Bishop of Cler- mont, and was appointed to preach before the