Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/190

MASSACHUSETTS. Episcopal); and Clark University (non-sectarian), Worcester. The colleges for women are, in similar order: Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley; Wellesley College, Wellesley; Smith College, Northampton; and Radciffe College, Cambridge, all non-sectarian. The theological institutions are: Andover Theological Seminary (Congregational), Andover; Newton Theological Institution (Baptist), Newton; Harvard Divinity School (non-sectarian); New Church Theological School, Cambridge; Boston University School of Theology (non-sectarian under Methodist auspices); Protestant Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge; Tufts College Divinity School (Universalist), Tufts College Station. There are two law schools, that of Harvard and that of the Boston University. The schools of medicine are: Harvard Medical School, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Boston, Tufts College Medical School, and Boston University School (homœopathic). There are also Boston Dental College, Harvard Dental School, and Massachusetts College of Pharmacy. The schools of science are six in number, viz.: Massachusetts Agricultural College at Amherst; Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston; Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge; Clark University, Worcester; Worcester Polytechnic Institute. The New England Conservatory of Music at Boston and the Boston University College of Music have high standards of requirement.

. The State schools for the deaf are the American School at Hartford, the Clark School at Northampton, the New England Industrial School at Beverly, the Horace Mann School at Boston, the Boston School for the Deaf, and the Sarah Fuller Home at Medford. The blind are educated at the Perkins Institute and Massachusetts School for the Blind. The feeble-minded are provided for at the Massachusetts School for the Feeble-Minded, located at Waltham. Other charitable institutions are the State Hospital (almshouse), at Tewksbury; State Primary School at Monson; State Farm at Bridgewater; insane hospitals at Taunton, Northampton, Danvers, and Westboro; and the Hospital for Inebriates at Foxboro. The total number of inmates of the nine foregoing institutions increased from 2750 in 1863 to 3860 in 1900. Besides the above there are many city and town almshouses and hospitals and insane asylums. The number of inmates of the former increased as shown above; that of the latter increased from 420 to 4294. The net cost of all paupers in Massachusetts—State and town—increased from $2,442,000 in 1890 to $3,487,000 in 1900. The cost per each inhabitant of Massachusetts increased during the same period from $1.06 to $1.26. The increase in the number of the inmates of the insane hospitals and asylums in that decade has averaged about 300 annually, resulting in a very greatly overcrowded condition in these institutions. There are about 900 of the insane still in the city and town almshouses, but a recent law provides that these shall be supported and cared for by the State after January 1, 1904. There are separate hospitals for epileptics and tuberculous patients. The State maintains a reformatory for men at Concord, and a reformatory for women at Sherborn. Convicts in the State prison, reformatories, jails, and houses of correction

work only under the public account system, except in ease of the industries of cane-seating and making umbrellas. Both in the State and county institutions the labor of prisoners is under the supervision of the General Superintendent of Prisons. The State Board of Charities, consisting of nine members, is vested with greater power than is commonly exercised by similar boards in other States. And they have succeeded in bringing about decided improvements in the administration of charitable affairs, such as, for instance, the curtailment of unnecessary aid which creates rather than lessens pauperism; or, again, the more judicious treatment of children who may require the attention of State authorities. The tendency in the latter kind of cases is to find homes for, or board children in, private families rather than in institutions, great care being taken to find proper homes and to keep in close touch with the children placed therein. As a consequence, although the number of children in State care has increased from 2065 in 1866 to 3742 in 1900, the children in institutions have decreased in number during that time from 1437, or 70 per cent., to 558, or 15 per cent. of the total.

. In 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold (q.v.) effected a settlement on Cuttyhunk Island, between Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound, but the colony was abandoned after three weeks. The first successful attempt at colonization was made by a band of Pilgrims, 102 in number, who came from Leyden in Holland. They were a Puritan sect, known as Separatists or Brownists, who had fled from England to Holland in 1608 to escape persecution, and, weary of living in a foreign land, had determined to found a place of refuge in America. Through a company of merchant adventurers, a patent was obtained from the Council for New England for a settlement within the limits of &lsquo;Virginia.&rsquo; They set sail from Delft Haven, July 22, 1620, and from Plymouth in England on the sixth of September. It was their intention to settle south of the Hudson River, but storms drove the Mayflower to the neighborhood of Cape Cod, and on December 11th (new style December 21st, the anniversary of Forefathers' Day being celebrated on December 22d) the emigrants landed at Plymouth Rock.

Before landing they drew up and subscribed to a compact or frame of government for the new settlement, and elected John Carver Governor for one year. Shortly after landing they entered into a treaty of peace with the Indian chief Massasoit and his tribe, which remained unbroken for a long time. Within four months forty-four of the colonists died from exposure to the cold and the lack of wholesome food, and for two years they suffered many privations, but in 1623 they were relieved by a bountiful harvest. Others from the Leyden Church joined them, and by 1631 six hundred persons—nearly the whole of that body—had emigrated. In 1624 the property of the Colony, which had been held as common, was divided among the settlers; in 1627 the rights of the trading company were bought out, and two years later a patent confirming the colonists' right to the territory they had occupied was issued to Governor Bradford and others. The Colony grew up in practical independence, and, organized as a perfect democracy, it carried on its government without any royal sanction. By