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* MASCART. 138 MASHONALAND. d'dlectriciU statique (187C); Lemons s-ur l'6lec- tricilv t'( Ic maynetisino, in collaboration with Joubert (188-2) ; volume ii. of Mcthodcs de me- sures et appliciUions (1888); and Traitc d'op- li(Hic (ISSD). MASCLE, mus'k'l (OF. muscle, made, Fr. made, fiuiu Lat. macula, spot). A heraldic bear- ing, in the form of a lozenge pierced in the cen- tre. Sei' IIekalury. MASCOUTEN (from Mashkodahisuy, little jirairie people). An Algonqiiian people of the Illinois River concerning wlioni there has been much controversy. From a misinterpretation of their Algonquian name they were known to the Hurons, and hence to the French, as the 'Fire Nation' (Salion du Feu). Jluch of the confu- sion in relation to the name arises from the fact that it was apparently used in a general as well as a speeilic sense and applied without warrant to more than one Algonquian band of the Illinois and Wabash prairies. According to the tradi- tions of the Ojibwa and Ottawa they drove the ilascouten froiii the neiglibrnhood of what is now JIackinaw, and forced them to retire to the southern end of Lake Michigan. The earliest French missionaries heard of them as a strong tribe living in southern Michigan, with whom the .eitrals and Ottawa were constantly at war. About 1675 the French explorers found them in southern Wisconsin in close alliance with the Miami and l-Cickapoo. In 1712 they joined the Foxes and Kickapoo against the French, but suf- fered terrible reverses, losing 150 in a single encounter. In the same year the Potawatomi and other Northern tril)es made a concerted de- scent upon the Mascoulcn and Foxes and killed or look captive one thousand of them, pursuing the survivors as far as Detroit. The power of the Foxes was completely broken by this war with the French and their allies, and the Jlas- couten were so far reduced that in 17.^6 they were said to number but 00 warriors, living then with the Kickapoo in southern Wisconsin. In 1705 they are again mention<'(l with the Kicka- poo, thistime near the Wabash Kiver. They are last delinitely mentioned in 1770, living upon the Wabash River in alliance with the Kickapoo and I'iankishaw. The 'Prairie band' of Potawa- tomi, now residing in Kansas, is known to the tribe at large under the same name of Mnsh- h'nihiiii.siif/. MASCOV, miis'kif, .Johann Jakom (1GS9- 17G1). A German publicist and historian, born at Danzig. He studied theology and law at the University of Leipzig, where he was afterwards appointed professor of law and liistory. Of his publications, the following iire considered of great merit: Principia Jiiria I'lililiti Imperii Uomano-dermaniei (1720; fith cd. 1700), which for a lone time remained a nindcl textbook in many universities; and Oc- xrhirhte drr D'u I ■■olngical grotto in the Department of Ari^ge, France, yielding relics especially of the latest I'alenlithie period. Regnault discovered in the grotto of Massat in the same region forms similar to those found bv Piette. Consult .Mortillet, Lc prt'hi.ito- rif/iie (Paris, 1001). MASERES, nuVzar', Francis (1731-1824). An Lngli.sh mathciualician, born in London of a French family. He was educated at C'lare t^ol- lege, Cambridge, obtained a fellowship and was admitted to the bar. This led to his being appointed Attorncy-Cieneral for Canada, and he lived in Quebec un'til 1773. He published: I'riii- ciples of the Doctrine of Life Anmiilics; (S'cn;i- torcx Loyarithmici { 1791-1807) ; Scriptores Optiri (1823); besides Select Tracts on Civil Wars in the Reign of Charles I. (1815). MASH'AM, AiuGAiL. Lady (1070-1734). . friend and conlidante of Queen Anne of England. She was born in London, the daughter of l-'ramU Hill, a merchant, and his wife Mary Jennings, nii aunt of the Duchess of :Marlbor(nigh, by who^,' inlluence she was appointed a lady of the bol- chamber to Princess Anne. She became the cmi- iidante of the Princess, and, after the latter Ik- came Queen, did all she could to destroy the
 * Marlbor(>ngh inlluence at Court. In 1707 slie

was married to Sanmel Masham, a gentleman of the bedchamber to Prince (Jeorge of Denmail,. This marriage brought about an open ruplui.' with the Marlboroughs. The intrigues of .Mi^ Masham finally resulted in the overthrow of tli Whigs, the elevation of Harley to power, and the dismissal of the Duke of .Marlliorongh. Jlrs. Masham was engaged in jdots to bring hack the Stuarts; and she seems always to have used her position for her pecuniary advantage. Her h>is- band was raised to the peerage in 1712. Liuly Masham adhered to B(dingbroke in the quan. I between him and Oxford. After the death of Queen Anne in 1714 she lived in retirement. See AXNK. MASHONALAND, ma-sho'na-land. A i>rov- vince of Southeastern Rhodesia (q.v.). South Africa, between Matabeleland and the Zambezi River (Map: Africa, H 0). It consists mainlv nf .a fertile and savanna covered plateau, 300(i i^ iiOOO feet above the sea, intersected by sever. 1 1 rivers. iiOlnents of the Zambezi and the SaM. The climate is healthful to Europeans, (inld has been found in considerable quantities, and settlements have arisen around Forts Salislniry and Victoria. Hartley Hall, and in several other places. The white population in 1001 numbered 4021: the luimber of natives was estimated at 328.729. .- railroad from Heira on the coast to Fort Salisbury was completed in 1890. and an- other from the latter place to P.uhnvayo in Matabeleland was linished in 1902. In 1890 Mashonaland was accpiired by the British South Africa Company, and in 1893 the company's possession and the peace of the country were se- cured through a successful war with the Matn- heles. The seat of the administraticm is at Fort Salisbury. The ruins of Southern Mashonaland. of which the l>estknown are those of the Zimbabwe group, are numerous. .Mong the gold-benring reefs are thousands of excavations into the i|Uarlz veins as well as many hundred ancient ruins, teniph -, fortresses, and the like, which belong both to l>rehistoric and to historic times. The early hi-tory of this region was not known by the Mashonas who were living here at the time of the advent of the Europeans. The announcement of the find- ing of the r;iins by the traveler Carl Alancli in 1871 attracleil much attention, and in ISill Theo- dore Bent surveved and described the ruins of V i