Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/16

MANNITE. Madagascar manna, are in many respects very similar to mannite.

MANNLICHER. iiiiin'liK r-r. Fkuiunam) vox ( 1S4n1!iii4 I. An Austrian cn^'iniHT and in- ventur. He was born at Jlainz. Germany, and for many years served as chief enfiineer of the Northern Railroad (Kaiser Ferdinands Xord- bahn). In 1899 he was called to the Austrian Upper House in recognition of his public ser- vices. He became widely celebrated tlirough his many inventions and improvements in military firearms, as magazine, repeating, and automatic rifles and revolvers, which introduced i)rinciples that have been largely adopted in the small- arm equipments of several Kurojjean powers, bee Small Arm.s.

MANNS, miins, August (182.-5— ). A Ger- man-Knglish musical conductor, born at Stolzen- berg, I'onierauia. He received his early training in music from a village nuisician and from Ur- ban, the town musician of Klbing. He became a member of a military band at Danzig, then at Posen, and in 1848 joined Gungrs orchestra in Berlin. Soon after he became conductor and first violin at KroU's Garden, Berlin. In 1851 Von Roon, the War ilinister. selected Manns as bandmaster of his regimental band ; first at Konigsberg, then at Cologne. In 18.54 he became assistjint conductor, and the next year conductor at the Crystal Palace. London, where he accom- plished important results in the furtherance of the newer romantic music of Germany, lie al.so changed the original wind band into an orchestra, and foimded (18.50) the now famous Saturday concerts. He conducted the Glasgow Choral Union ( 1879-92), and six Triennial Handel Festi- vals.

MAN'NUS (connected with Goth, manna, AS.. Eng.. OllG. man. Ger. Mann, Skt. manu, man: of doubtful origin, the usual derivation from man. to think, being incredible: cf. perhaps Lat. manu.i, hand). According to Tacitus (Ocr- mania, chap. 2), the name given by the Germans to the son of the earth-born god Tuisto. From his three sons they derived their three great trilx'S, the In(i(rvonrs. the Ilc-rmioncfi. and the Istwvoncs. Mannus belqngs. not to the Teutonic people alone, but to the great mythus of the origin of the human race, common to the whole Arj-an family, and, like the Hindu Manu or Manns, stands forth as the i)rogenitor of the in- habitants of earth endowed with reason.

MAN'NYNG, Robert (or Robert de Bri.wk) (nourished c.l290-].'?40). An English poet, native of Hrunne, or Bourne, in Lincoln- shire. In 1288 he joined the neighlioring broth- erhood of tiilbertine canons at Sempringham. There he wrote lldndh/nri Si/nne (l.'SO.il. a free paraphrase of the Manurl ilrs f'erhic: by William of Wadington. It depicts, with much sharp sa- tire, the social life of the time. The best manu- script (the Harleian), with the French original, was editeil by F. .T. Furnivall for the Roxburghe Club in isr.2. In I.I.IS Mannyng. then resident in the Gilberline priory of Sixhill. Lincidnshire. fin- ished his fhraniclr of l-'.nfiland. It has little his- torical value, ns it closely follows the earlier chronicles. The earlier part of the f'hronirlr was edited by Furnivall for the Rolls Series (London, 1887) : and the latter part by T. Hearnc in 1725. To Mannyng is al.so attributed Meditacyuns of the Hoper of oure Lorde Ihesus, edited for the Early English Text Society (London, 1875).

MANOA, ma-nn':i. A city fabled to have been built on an island in Parma Lake, Guiana, and governed by El Dorado (q.v.).

MANOBO, ma-no'b5, or Culaman. A Malay head-luinting people in DSvas Province, Minda- nao. They are said to be partly Indonesian. See Philippine Islands.

MANOEL DO NASCIMENTO, mii'nu-fil' dd na'she-man'to. A i'orluguese poet. See NascI- MENTO, MaKOEL DO.

MANCEUVKES (Fr. manoeuvre, OF. man- ouvre, manovre, from ML. manuopera, manupera, a working with the hand, from Lat. mamis, hand -j- opera, work). Fiehl exercises of large or small bodies of troops, designed to teach in time of jieace the duties of troops in war. In Eurojie these are carried on in most great armies through- out the year, the grand manceuvres (of one or more army corps) usually taking place in the autumn, and simulating the conditions of war as closely as possible. In the I'nited States there are similar operations, usually held in the fall, in which the Regular Army aiul the militia par- ticipate.

Naval mana-uvrcs and the combined manceuvres of sea and land forces working in harmony are of more recent origin than their military counter- part. Frederick the Great of Prussia first con- ceived the idea of having sham battles between his troops, an idea which Napoleon utilized in the great camp of Boulogne in 1805, during his preparation for the invasion of England. It was o Moltke. however, and the Prussian general staff who first devidoped the idea of nuino>uvres into its full modern significance, and in the com- bined naval and military operation around the city of Flensburg in Schlcswig-Holstein (1890) set an example which was soon copied. The United States naval and military mana-uvres held in 1002 in the vicinity of New York followed practically the same plan of camp:iign as did (Jcrmany in the instance already cited. England and France, and the United States, hold periodi- cal naval mana-uvres, the problem usually being the attack or defense of shore defenses. In naval mananivres particularly, conditions may be created which are faithful replicas of actual battles and campaigns. Besides their value in the fornuilation of the most cfTective scheme of shore defense against attack or invasion, they are just as impcntant in the training under war conditions of the naval persomud. besides which they atVord commanders excellent experien<'e in the ])ractice of liattle tactics and strategy. Flaws in methods and material which otherwise might not be discovered until too late are noted and subsequently remedied: new ideas in the applica- tion of strategical or tactical principles carried out : the employment of torpedoes, mines, de- stroyers, submarines, wireless felegraphy. search- lights, and the vari<nis ex|ierinicnts in coaling at sea, thoroughly tested: and the whole carefully obsere<l and noteil by ofliiers of the National (Jovemment appointed for the purpose, whose report usually forms the basis for future naval legislation. See Tactics. Military; Tactics, Naval.

MAN OF BLOOD, The. A designation applied by the Puritans to Charles I. of England.