Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/159

MARY OF BURGUNDY. MARY OF BUR'GUNDY (1457-82). Daugh- ter and heiress of diaries the Bold, Duke of Burgundy and sovereign of the Netherlands, born at Brussels. On the death of Charles (1477), Louis XI. of France advanced various claims to the territories over which that prince had ruled. To defend herself Mary married Maximilian of Austria, with whom she lived happily for five years, dying from a fall from her horse. She was a woman of great beauty, intelligence, and amiability. Through her the Netherlands came into the possession of the House of Hapsburg, passing subsequently through her son Philip the Fair to her grandson Charles V. (q.v.).

MARY OF GUISE, gwez (1515-60). Queen of Scotland. She was the daughter of Claude, Duke of Guise, and Antoinette de Bourbon, and is also known as Mary of Lorraine. At the age of nineteen she was married to Louis d'Orleans, Duke of Longueville, who died in 1537. In 1538 she married James V. of Scotland, who died in 1542, soon after the announcement to him of the birth of a daughter, Mary, afterwards Queen of Scots. Mary of Guise was Regent of Scotland for a short period, and showed herself an enemy of the party led by Arran and an opponent of the Reformed religion. She caused her daughter to be sent to France and plighted to the fu- ture Francis II., the marriage taking place in 1558.

MARY OF THE INCARNATION (1599-1672). A French educator in Canada, born at Tours. Her name was Marie Guyard, but she was married in her eighteenth year to M. Martin. She was left a widow with an infant son before she was twenty. She then gave herself almost entirely to religious work. Finally she claimed to have entered into a mystical marriage with the Christ, and entered the Ursuline convent at Tours. In 1639 she was chosen superior of the convent of Ursulines established at Quebec by Madame de la Peltrie (q.v.). Though a mystic and a dreamer, she showed great executive ability and managed the convent with success until her death. She was tall and stately, and impressed all with the strength of her personality. Many of the letters she wrote back to France were collected and publislied posthumously under the title Lettres de la vénérable mère Marie de l'Incarnation (Paris, 1681). There is also an autobiography prepared by direction of her superiors. Consult also Martin (her son), La vie de la vénérable mère Marie de l'Incarnation (Paris, 1677); Charlevoix, Vie (Paris, 1724); and the Life by Casgrain, published in his collected works, vol. iii. (Montreal. 1886).

MARYPORT. A seaport and bathing resort in Cumberland. England, at the mouth of the Ellen, 25 miles southwest of Carlisle (Map: England, C 2). Shipbuilding and its kindred branches are carried on extensively, and there are iron foundries, saw-mills, flour-mills, tanneries, breweries, etc. A large quantify of coal and coke is shipped, especially to Ireland. The town owns gas and water works, a slaughter house, and markets, and maintains an isolation hospital. Maryport was the seat of a Roman camp and is rich in antiquities. It was called Ellenfoot until 1750, when it received its present name, owing to the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots, landed here in her flight from Scotland. Pop- ulation, in 1891, 12,400; in 1901, 11,900.

MARY STUART (1542-87). Queen of Scot- land from 1542 to 1567. She was born December 7, or 8, 1542, at Linlithgow Palace, the daughter of James V. of Scotland by Mary of Guise. Her father died within a week of her birth, and she was proclaimed Queen. The English began nego- tiations for her betrothal to Prince Edward (later Edward VI.), but, though they declared war to enforce their demands, they were unable to do so. After the Scots were defeated at Pinkie Cleugh, the young Queen was sent for greater security to an island in the Lake of Monteith. Meanwhile negotiations were opened with France for her marriage to the Dauphin (later Francis II.), and these were satisfactorily concluded on July 7, 1548, whereupon Mary was sent to France. At the French Court Mary received a good education, and showed considerable intelligence. On April 24, 1558, her marriage to the Dauphin took place, and, contrary to the public agreements, she bound herself secretly, that, if she died childless, her Scottish realm and her right of succession to the English throne, as great-granddaughter of Henry VII., should pass to France. In 1559 her husband ascended the French throne, and during his reign of over a year Mary exerted supreme influence. But the death of Francis II., on December 5, 1560, destroyed all her plans. Catharine de' Medici was hostile to her; and so, on August 15, 1501, after considerable negotia- tion with the great Protestant lords of Scot- land, she left France forever.

Her government began auspiciously, and even the religious situation caused at first little diffi- culty. Protestantism had received the sanction of the Scottish Parliament, and Mary did not oppose this settlement, stipulating merely for liberty to use her own religion. Moreover, she surrounded herself with Protestant advisers, her chief minister being her natural brother, James Stuart, an able and ambitious statesman, whom she soon created Earl of Mar, and a little later Earl of Murray (q.v.). Her chief difficulties were to come to an amicable agreement with Elizabeth concerning the succession to the Eng- lish throne. The English Queen, however, was suspicious of Mary, and the question of whom the latter would marry complicated matters fur- ther, Elizabeth fearing that an alliance of the Scottish Queen with a powerful foreign prince, like Don Carlos of Spain, would endanger her throne. Contrary to the advice of all, Mary, on July 29, 1565, married her cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, who had some claims to both the Scottish and English thrones. The marriage was not a love match, but chiefly due to the fact that Darnley had considerable influence with the English Catholics, who would thus aid Mary in any plans she might have to obtain the English throne. On the other hand, the marriage alien- ated the powerful Protestant lords of Scotland, notably Murray, who rose in rebellion, and it made Elizabeth more suspicious than ever. The insurrection of the Protestant lords was sup- pressed, but Mary's eyes were soon opened to the mistake of her marriage with the utterly worthless Darnley. She was disgusted by his debauchery and alarmed by his arrogance and ambition, which went so far as to prompt him to demand that the crown should be secured to him for life, and that if the Queen died without issue it should descend to his heir. Ascribing Mary's reluctance to accede to these demands to