Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/15

MANNING. Slory of the Vaticdii Council. Among Manning's other published works are: The Temporal Mis- sion of the Holy UhosI (1805); The Intrnial Mission of ths Holy Ohost (1875); England and Christendom (1807); >S'i;i and Its Consequences (187G). His manifold services were recognized by the gift of a cardinal's hat in 1875. He died in London, Januarj' 14, 1892. The full- est l)iogra]>hy of him is by Purcell (2 vols.. Lon- don, 18!tO), which is unfortunately disfigured by many misleading inferences and grave faults of taste; it may be corrected in particular as to the facts of the Errington case by Wilfrid Ward's Life and Times of Cardinal Wiseman (London, 1897). There is a shorter but in many ways more satisfactory biography by A. W. Hut- ton (ib., 1894). Consult also: Fitigerald, Fifty Tears of Catholic Life and Proyress (London, 1901 ); and a number of the biographical works cited uniler Oxford Movement.

MANNING, .Jaiies (1738-91). President of the College of Rhode Island (after 1804 Brown University). He was born in Elizabethtown, N. J.; was graduated at Princeton College in 1762; was ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1763. Cooperating with an association of Bap- tist ministers in Philadelphia, he went to Rhode Island and proposed to the Baptists in Newport a plan for the establishment of a "seminary of polite literature, subject to the government of the Baptists." A charter was obtained in 1764. Manning was appointed in 1765 presi- dent of the institution, which was opened the next year as Rhode Island College. He served in that office (except during the Revolution, when the school was closed) till 1790, when he resigned. He was also most of the time pastor of the First Baptist Church in Providence. In 1786 he was elected to the Congress of the Confederation, where he labored to secure the adoption of the national Constitution. Consult (iuild. The Life, Times, and Correspondence of James Manniny, and the Early History of Brown University (Boston, 1864). See Brown University.

MANNING, RouERT (1784-1842). An Ameri- can pomologist, one of the pioneers in horti- cultural nomenclature. In order to determine the value of varieties he established at Salem, Mass., a fruit garden, in which he raised vari- eties of all fruits that could withstand the rigor of the climate of that State, and in which at the time of his death nearly 2000 varieties were growing. He published a descriptive cata- logue, called Book of Fruits, in 1838. Manning was one of the founders of the JIassachusetts Horticultural Society, and during his later years was recognized as an authority on horti- cultural matters, especially on fruit varieties.

MANNING, TnoM..s (1772-1840). An Eng- lish traveler, born November 8. 1772, at Broome, Norfolk, where his father was rector. In 1790 he entered Caius College, Cambridge, where he became distingxiished in mathematics: but he left without a degree, owing to his unwillingness to take the oaths. From 1800 to 1803 he studied Chinese in Paris. In 1806 he went out to Canton as doctor. In 1810 he proceeded to Calcutta, whence he made his way into Tibet to Lhasa (1811). He was the first Englishman to enter the holy city. On returning to England in 1817. after a visit to Peking, a shipwreck near the Sunda Islands, and after a call on Napoleon at Saint Helena, he lived for several years at a cottage called Orange Grove, near Darlford, in the midst of his Chinese books. There he w^aa visited by the chief literary men of the day. One of liis many eccentricities was a long, flow- ing l)eard. This he plucked out by the roots Iiefore leaving Orange Grove for Bath, where he died. May 2, 1840. Charles Land) made the ac- quaintance of JIanning in 1799, and a memorable friendship ensued. Consult Lamb's Letters and Essays of Elia ("The Old and the New School- master," and "A Dissertation on Roast Pig"); also the Xarratives of the Mission of G. Boyle to Tibet and of the -Journey of T. Manning to Lhasa, ed. with memoirs by Markham (London, 1876).

MANNING, Thomas Courtlaxd (1831-87). An American jurist, born at Edenton, N. C. He was educated at the University of North Caro- lina, and was admitted to the bar. In 1855 he removed to Alexandria, La., and liuilt up a large practice. He was a member of the Secession Convention, entered the Confederate Army as a lieutenant, and in 1863 became adjutant-gen- eral with the rank of brigadier-general. He was a member of the Supi'eme Court ( 1864-65) and in 1872 a Democratic Presidential Elector. In 1876 he was vice-president of the National Democratic Convention. From 1877 until the adoption of the new Constitution he was Chief Justice of the State Supreme Court. He was again Presidential Elector, and was elected to the United States Senate, but was refused admission. From 1882 to 1886 he was again justice of the Supreme Court, and during 1886-87 was United States Minister to Mexico. He was also trustee of the Peabod- Fund from 1880 until his death.

MANNITE (from manna). CoHs(OH),,. A hexahydric alcohol found in the manna from Praxinus ornus (Linne), which grows in the basin of the Mediterranean. It was discovered in that manna by Proust in 1800 and may be readily ex- tracted from it with hot water or boiling weak alcohol. It is found also in many other vegetable products, including onions, celery, asparagus, many fungi, etc.: and it has been prepared artificially from several varieties of sugar, such as hcyulose, dextrose, and mannose, by reduction with sodium amalgam. Vice versa, liy careful oxidation of mannite with nitric acid a mixture of sugars may be obtained, to which the name nmnnitose is sometimes applied. Mannite is produced also when cane-sugar vindergoes fermentation. It may be obtained either in the form of rhombic prisms, or in the form of silky needle-like crystals; it melts at 165-166° C. and it is readily soluble in hot water or alcohol, but only moderately sol uble in cold water, and scarcely soluble at all in cold alcohol and in ether. Its pure aqueous solu- tion has a veiT slight action on polarized light: the action is. however, greatly increased by the presence of free alkali as well as of certain salts, especially borax. Mannite is capable of existence in three distinct modifications, having the same chemical constitution and therefore much the same properties, yet differing from one another in their power of rotating the jilane of polarized light. The chemical constitution of mannite is represented by the formula CIL(OHl . CH(01I1. CH(OH). CH(OH). CIMOHT. CH(OH). CH (OH). The hexahydric alcohol sorbite found in plums, apples, pears, cherries, and other fruits, and the hexahydric alcohol dulcite found in