Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/146

MARY I. away the religious innovations of her father and brother. She proceeded throughout in a legal manner and never failed to secure the consent of Parliament to her acts, though during the Tudor period Parliament very imperfectly represented the sentiments of the English people. The mass was restored without opposition in 1553, and the authority of the Pope reëstablished somewhat tardily and reluctantly in 1554. Mary could not persuade the Parliament to restore the Church lands, but she gave back such property as was still in the possession of the Crown. This was a greater proof of her sincerity than of her statesmanship, for it impoverished her resources and led to subsequent disasters which touched English pride. Even more disastrous was her marriage in 1554 with Philip, son of Charles V., which was so unpopular that on its proposal a formidable rebellion broke out under the leadership of Wyatt to depose Mary and put Elizabeth on the throne. Philip, who was eleven years younger than Mary, was an uncompromising Catholic. He was extremely unpopular, and repaid Mary's boundless devotion with coldness and neglect. To please him, the Queen joined in a War against France, with the result that Calais, the last remnant of the English conquests during the Hundred Years' War, was lost in 1558. It was no disaster of any consequence to England, but to Mary and her subjects it seemed irreparable. In addition to her husband's neglect, the loss of Calais, and her own ill health, Mary's last days were darkened by the religious persecutions which filled the latter part of her reign, in which nearly three hundred persons were burnt for their faith and for which she received the name of ‘Bloody Mary.’ It should not be forgotten that she adopted these measures with reluctance, as a last resort, and that her predecessors and successors were guilty of like practices. She died without issue, November 17, 1558. Consult: Lingard, History of England (6th ed., London, 1854-55); Froude, History of England (new ed., London, 1893); Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England (Boston, 1860).  MARY II. (1662-94). Queen of Great Britain. She was born at Saint James's Palace, April 30, 1662, the eldest daughter of James II. and Anne Hyde, who was a daughter of the Earl of Clarendon. At the age of fifteen she was married to William, Prince of Orange. She joined her husband in England early in 1689 after the flight of her father. In the same year Parliament declared the crown of England vacant by the abdication of James, and conferred it upon William (III.) and Mary. She died of smallpox December 28, 1694. Consult: Burnet, Essay Upon the Life of Queen Mary (London, 1695); Doebner (ed.), Memoirs and Letters of Mary II., Queen of England (Leipzig, 1886). See  MARY,. See , section on New Testament.  MARY,. See , section on New Testament.  MARYBOROUGH,. A seaport municipality of March County, Queensland, Australia, at the mouth of the Mary River on Hervey Bay, 160 miles north of Brisbane, with which it has railroad and steam communication (Map:, J 4). It is the port of a rich coal, gold, and copper mining and agricultural region; has sugar mills and refineries, iron foundries, breweries, tanyards, shipbuilding industries, active fisheries, and a considerable export trade in timber, sugar, and minerals. The river is crossed at Maryborough by a wooden bridge; the commodious wharves are available to vessels of 17½ feet draught. Population, in 1891, 9700; in 1901, 10,159.  MARYBOROUGH. A municipality of Talbot County, Victoria, Australia, 10 miles north of Ballarat by rail. It has agricultural and important quartz and alluvial gold mining industries. Population, in 1891, 5329; in 1901, 5623.  MARYLAND,. One of the thirteen original States of the American Union. It occupies a middle position on the Atlantic Coast between Pennsylvania and Virginia, being included between the parallels of 37° 53′ and 39° 43′ 26″ north latitude and 75° 4′ and 79° 33′ west longitude. It is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania, the boundary being Mason and Dixon's line, and by Delaware; on the east by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean; on the south and west by Virginia. It is separated from the last-named States by the Potomac River, which is the boundary from its source in a small mountain stream, to its mouth in a broad estuary entering the Chesapeake Bay. The outline of the State is extremely irregular, as the southern boundary is mainly a winding river and the western part of the State is a long fragment lying between this river and Mason and Dixon's line, while, in addition to this, Chesapeake Bay divides the region into two parts. The extreme length of the northern boundary is 215 miles, with a further extension of 35 miles where the State stretches eastward south of the Delaware to the ocean. The extreme breadth from north to south, near the eastern shore of the Chesapeake, is 128 miles. The total area is 12,210 square miles of which 2350 square miles are water.

. The surface of Maryland shows great diversity. It is usually divided, for purposes of classification, into three regions: the coastal plain, the Piedmont plateau, and the Appalachian region. All are drained by the rivers flowing into the Chesapeake, excepting the northwest corner, which drains toward the Ohio, a narrow strip draining directly into the Atlantic, and a fragment at the extreme northeast, draining into Christian Creek and the Delaware.

The coastal plain embraces that part of Maryland lying to the east of a line passing from Washington to Baltimore, Havre de Grace, and Wilmington. It includes more than half the land area of the State, and is divided by Chesapeake Bay into what is commonly called the ‘eastern shore’ and the ‘western shore’ or Southern Maryland. The ‘eastern shore’ is low and level; only in the north does it reach 100 feet, and most of it is less than 25 feet above the sea. The ‘western shore’ is higher, and rises to 300 feet near the District of Columbia and again near Baltimore. Chesapeake Bay has many islands, and the entire Atlantic Coast is made up of a long, reef-like, sandy island, inclosing the Chincoteague and Assateague bays. The eastern shore is drained by the Pocomoke, Nanticoke, Choptank, and Chester rivers, and by some insignificant streams. The western shore is drained in