Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/14

MANNHEIM. Keckar, 43 miles smitliwe.-t ot Frankfort (Map: vicriiiany, C 4). It is the third lar^jcst city on the Rliine. surpassed only by t'olof,Tie anil Diisseldorf; since its connection by railroad with all important cities in the tiernian Empire it has become the first commercial town in the Grand Pucliy of Baden. The site of the town is low, and a high dike protects it from inundations. The Rhine, which is here 1200 feet in breadth, is crossed by a railway bridge which connects ilannheim with Ludwigshafen; a chain bridge spans the Xeckar. The town is remarkable for its cleanliness, and is the most regularly built town in (Jermany; it is divided into 13U square sections, and numbers its streets according to the American system. The palace, built 1720-29, by the Klector Palatine Charles Philip, is one of the largest buildings of the kind in Germany. The city contains a gym- nasium with a library, a botanic garden, an ob- servatory, and the National Theatre, founded in 1770, in which Schiller's Robbers was first acted. Among notable public monuments are those of William I. and Prince Bismarck. The Schloss- gartcn. bordering on the Khiiie. is the chief of the five j)ublic gardi'ns surrounding the city. Since the construction of new harbors and ex- tensive docks in ]S7:i, Mannheim has had a great and increasing trade in grain, coal, petroleum, to- bacco, sugiir. and ironware. Its cliicf industry, the manufacture of chemicals, gives employment to 7000 persons; 3000 arc engaged in metal- working. Cigars, varnish and rosin, carpets, rub- ber, glass and leather goods are also manufac- ture<l. The growing importance of Mannheim is indicated by the increase in its population from 61.273 in 1885 to 140.384 in 1900. The United States is represented bj- a consul.

Mannheim is mentiimcd as a village as early as 704. Its prosperity dates from the beginning of the seventeenth century, when, under the Elector Palatine Frederick IV., it became the refuge of religious exiles from the Xetherlands. It sull'ered severely in the Thirty Years' War. The town was almost totally destroyed by the Fri-ndi in 1G89. After being rebuilt it was again occupied by the French in 1795, and a large part of it burned. In 1802 it was given to Baden.

MAN'NING. A town and the county-seat of Clarendmi County. S. C. 01 miles east by south of Columbia; on the Atlantic Coast Line Rail- road (Map: South Carolina. D 3). It is in a fer- tile and well-watered agricultiiral section, hav- ing extensive forests of pine. There are knitting mills and other industrial establishments. Popu- lation, in 1890, 1009; in 1900, 1430.

MANNING, D.xxiEL (1831-87). An Ameri- can journalist and politician. He was born in Albany, N. Y., and at the age of ten entered the printing ofTice of (he Albany Atlas as a printer's apprentice. .After the cons(didation of the Alln^ with the Aifiiix, he was appointed legislative re- porter, in which capacity he made a w idc acquaint- ance among politicians and became known as an authority on State political affairs. In 1805 he became er of the New York Demo- cratic State Committee, of which he was chosen secretary in 1870 and chairman in 1881. In this position he was associated closely with Grover Clevelanil. to whose election as (Jovernor of New York he contributed greatly in 1882. To Man- ning's astuteness and tact also was largely due the successful presentation of Cleveland's name as a can<lidatc for the Presidency in 1SS4. In the latter year his personal supervision contributed greatly to the success of the Democratic ticket in the pivotal State of New Y"ork. From 1885 to 1887 he was Secretary of the Treasury in Cleveland's Cabinet, from which he retired short- ly lieliire his death, on account of ill health.

MANNING, llE.NKY Euw.KD (1807-92). An English Roman Catholic prelate, one of the most notable figures in the Church life of his time. He was born July 15, 1807 (not 1808, as frequently given), at Totteridge, in Hertfordshire, and edu- cated at Harrow and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1830. He was ordained in 1832, married in 1833, and in 1834 appointed rector of Lavington and GratVham in Sussex. His wife died in 1837. Manning devoted himself with increasing zeal, cnergj', and success to the work of his profession, and was recognized, though still a young man, as ,a leading figure in the group of Tractarian leaders. His appoint- ment in 1840 as Arcluleacon of Chichester gave him a still more influential jwsition. Newman's secession affected him ]iainfully. and for a time seemed to increase his attachment to the Church of Enjiland; but in 18.31 the decision in the noted Gorham case (see Gokuam Controveksy), which seemed to claim for the Crown authority over a purely doctrinal qtiestion, shook his allegiance. After long and arduous consideration he made his submission to the Roman Catholic Church in 1851. Only two months later — an unusual recognition of his gifts and his theological at- tainments — lie was ordained priest by Cardinal Wiseman. He made some further studies in Rome, and from 18.52 to 1850 was informally connected with the Jesuit Church in Farm Street, London, finding much to do in preaching and spiritual direction. In 1857 he developed an English congregation of priests known as Oblatcs of .Saint Charles, a revival of the community founded at Milan by Saint Charles Borromeo, and became its first superior. The same year saw his appointment as provost of the Chapter of Westminster, which brought him into close re- lations with Cardinal Wiseman, then .rchbishop. In the (lilTicult (circumstances connected with the insubordinate attitude of Archbishop Errington, Wiseman's coadjutor. Manning was a loyal sup- porter of the Cardinal and of great service. On the latter's death in 1805. Pius IX. took the un- exi»cted step of apjiointing Planning his suc- cessor as Archbishop of Westminster, and for the next quarter of a century he occupied a com- manding position in the religious life of England. He not only did much to bring the Roman Cath- olic body out of the obscurity in which centuries of repression had left it. but he was indefatigable in all kinds of good works — the care of the poor, religions education, social ami temperance work. In the Vatican Council of 1870 he took a promi- nent part, standing among the pronounced ad- vocates of defining Papal infallibility, and en- gaging in a controversy, famous at the time, with Mgr. Dupanloup. Bishop of Orleans. His Petri Pririlriiiiim (1871) is an exposition of the doctrine and an account of the proceedings. On the same subject he also published (1875) an answer to Gladstone's expostulations, giving his views of the bearing of the Vatican decrees on civil allegiance; and in 1877 he wrote The True