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* MAKTINEAU. 116 MARTINEZ. iive (1853); and Biuyrajikical Sketches (18G9). Though little of Miss Jlartineau's work has survived as a permanent literary possession, it was of great value to her f;eneration. She was a popularizer of the aJvanced thinking of her day. Consult her Autobiography iiilh Memo- rials, ed. by Chapman (London, 1S77), and Jlillcr. tian-ict Martineau (London, 1884). MARTINEAtr, James (1805-1900). An Eng- lish Unitarian divine, hrollii^r of the preceding. He was born at Xorwioh. April 21. 1S0.5. lie was educated lor the ministry at ilanchester College ( Lnitarian), which was then located at York, and was graduated in 182". lie spent one year leaching in Bristol and then, October 20, 1828, he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in Dublin. He resigned his pastorate in Dublin be- cause he objected to receiving State aid in the Kegium Donitm. though it would have increased his salarj' by £100. From Dublin he went to Liverpool, where he was settled over Paradise Street Chapel, and eked out his income by taking pupils. Here he attracted considerable attention by engaging, along with .J. H. Thoni and Henry Giles, in a controversy against some clergymen of the Church of England on the subject of Uni- tarianism. Soon afterwards Martineau was elect- ed professor of mental and moral philosophy at Manchester Xew College, and continued to lec- ture in the college when it was removed to Lon- don in 18.53, though he also retained his pulpit in Liverpool for four years. In 1857 he took up his residence in London. The next year he added to his work the task of sharing the pulpit of Little Portland Street Chapel with J. .J. Tay- lor, then jnincipal of the colU'ge. Upon the death of Mr. Taylor in 1SI!8. hi; became principal of the college and tilled the cba])(d puliiit alone for four years, when the strain eompclled him to give it up. He is the autlior of The Rntionah' of Re- ligious IiKjuiri/ (1S3(!); also i'nitariaiiixm De- fended (in collaboration with Thorn and Giles, 1830), the lectiircs delivered in the controversy referred to above: Kndeavors After the Chris- tian Life (2 vols., 1843-47) : M isccllatiies (18.52) ; Studies of Christianili/ (18.58) ; Essays, Philosophical and Theological ( 18tiG-(i7) : Re- ligion as Affected hy Modern Materialism (1874); Hours of'Thnuiiht on Sacred Thinqs (1870-70) ; Study of Spinoza (1882) ; Types of Ethical Theory' (1885); Study of I{cligio)i (1888) ; and The Seat of Authority in Religion ( 18!10). He received hf)norarv degrees from Har- vard, Leyden, Edinburgh. Oxford, and Dublin. He died January II, 1000. In philosophy he was an intuitionist. maintaining that men have a power of con.scienee, which, without aid from experience, can ascertain the higher of two con- flicting motives. In theology he was, as already seen, a prominent Unitarian; but his greatest im- portance will probably remain in his ethical work. Consult: Drununond. Life and Letters of James Martineau (London, 1002) ; Sidgwick, Lectures on the Ethics of Green. Spencer, and Martineau (ib., 1002) ; A. W. .Taekson. James Martineau : A Biography and Study (Boston, 1 000 ). MARTINELLA. mar't.^-nel'lft (Tt.. erane). A famous lull which in the old days of Florence used to announce the declaration of war. It is always spoken of in connection with the earroccin, n famous car of great size, drawn by two beauti- ful oxen, which accompanied the citizens to the field of battle. For a month after war was de- clared, the martinella rang incessantly, and when at last the army moved out, the bell was placed on the carroocio inside a wooden tower, and guided the troops by its sound. MARTINELLI, mar'tc-nel'lc. Sebasti. o (1848—). An Italian P>oman Catholic prelate. He was born near Lucca, in the seminary of which town he received his theological educa- tion. He entered the Augustinian Order in 1863, was ordained priest in 1871, and was elected prior general of the Order in 1880 and again in 1895. On the recall to Rome of Cardinal Salolli, the first Apostolic Delegate to the United States, he was appointed to succeed him, and at the same time was raised to the episcopate as titular Archbishop of Ephesus. His wise and stiites- manlike conduct of many dillicult questions brought before him during his terra as delegate was generally recognized. In 1002, having al- ready been made a cardinal, he was recalled. MARTINET, miir'te'na'. A French military ollicer and disciplinarian, of whom little is known save from a few lines in Voltaire's Steele de Louis XIV. and his general reputation as a rigorous disciplinarian. He was an early advocate of the bay(met (1(569) and proposed the change from colunm to line in battle formation. He greatly assisted in the passage of the Rhine by Louis XIV., in 1072, and also contributed much to the success of the campaign in the Netlier- lands by the use of a portable pontoon. The derivation of the English noun 'martinet' from his name is not proved. MARTINET, Aciiille Loms (1806-77). A French engraver. He was born in Paris, and was a pupil of the painter Heim and of Forster. the engraver. Most of his important plates were after the old masters, as Raphael's various ila- donnas and Murillo's "Nativity;" but he also engraved the works of more recent painters. Among them were "The Last Moments of Count Egnicmt." after Gallait; "Charles I. Mocked by Cromwell's Soldiers." and "Mary in the Desert." after Delaroche: and "Tintoretto by the Couch of His Daughter," after Cogniet. He died in Paris. MARTINEZ, mar-te'nez. A town and the county-seat of Contra Costa Coimty, Cal.. 30 miles northeast of San Francisco; on the Strait of Karqnines, connecting J^uisun and San Pablo bays, and on the Southern Pacific Railroad (Map: California. B 3). It has considerable grain trade, and is in a region that possesses nuich mineral wealth. There is a lilirary of 5000 volumes, maintained by the Brothers of the Chris- tian Schools. Population, in 1890. 1600; in 1000, 1380. MARTINEZ, miir-te'nftth. Enrico (c.I570- 1632). . Mexican engineer, born, lu'cording to dilTerent biographers, eitlu-r in Holland. (Jcrmany. or Spain. He probably received his engineering educatiim in Spain, was appointed royal cosmog- rapher. and went to Mexico as an interpreter of the Inquisition. In 1607 he took charge of the construction of the canal which was to drain the valley of Mexico, a work which he completed in less than a year. This canal soon proved in- adequate, however, and Martinez was eventuMllv conunissioned to deepen the cut. but died wliile the work was still under way. He wrote: Reper- torio de los tiempos e historia natural de Nueva