Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/130

* MARSUPIALIA. 108 MARTEN. Australia (London, 1SIJ3) ; Kiel't, ilammuls of Australia, folio, large plates (Sydney, 1871); Waterliouse, Mammalia, vol. i. (London, 1848) ; Thomas, C'ataloyue of Slursupialia and Muiiotre- mata in the British Museum (London, 1888) ; Parker and Haswell, Tixt-liook of Zoulotjy (Lon- don and Xew York, 1897) ; Heddard, Mammalia (London and New York, 11)02). MARSUPIAL MOLE. A small burrowing marsupial of Southern Australia, which is not a mole at all, but simulates one in external ap- pearance, and in many curious adaptations of structure. Consult Bcddard, Mammalia (Lon- don and New York, 1902), and the special au- thorities therc referred to. MAR'STJS, DoMiTlus (c.54 B.C.-C.4 B.C.). A Roman poet of the Augustan Age. He seems to have been a friend of Miecenas (Martial viii. 56, 21), but is not mentioned by Horace. His works include: Cicuta, a collection of epigrams; De Urbanitate, a treatise on the use of wit in oratory, which is quoted by (Juintilian; Ama- zonis, an epic; and erotic elegies and fables. He is frequently mentioned by .Martial (iv. 29, 7; vii. 29, 7), who praises the wit and severity of his satire. The few fragments of his works that remain may be found in Uiihrens, Fragmenta Poetarum Komanorum (1880). Consult also: Woicliert, Dc Domitio Marso I'orta (1828) ; and his I'drtarum I.iilinorum Reliquia; (1830). MAR'SYAS (Lat.. from (k. Mapiruas). One of the Sileni of Asia .Minor, and therefore at once a spirit of the water and of music, especially of the flute, which was associated with the worship of the great goddess Cybele. as whose devoted servant Marsyas appears in the Phrygian legend. Thus he is called the son of llyagnis. to whom was attributed sometimes the invention of the flute, and a teacher of Olympus, to whom the development of the art was assigned. Under Greek and especially Attic influence other fea- tures were added to the legend. Athena, so ran the story, had invented the Mutes, but. observing the reflection of her distorted face, threw them from her. They were found by the Silenus, or satyr, Mnrsyas, who became so skillful that he ven- tured to challenge the god of the cithara, Apollo, to a music;il contest. Here two versions follow. According to one. King Midas as judge gave the decision to Marsyas. whereupon Apollo be- stowed on the umpire asses' ears for his poor judgment. In the other version the muses were the arbiters, and gave the decision to .Vpollo, as his instrument allowed him to add song. In both versions the god hung his presumptuous rival to n tree and Hayed him alive, or caused him to be tlaye<l by a Scythian slave. .t Cehena' in Phrygia Marsyas was worshiped at the cavern whence flows the tributary of the Mirander that bears his name, and here also was shown his skin, which had been bung up in warning by the victorious pod. Mar.syas was a favorite figure in art. The Athenian sculptor Myron made a famous group of Albena and .Marsyas, of which the latter figiire seems reproduced in a marble statue in the Lateran. .^notller celebrated group is represented by the statues nf Mnrsyas hung from the tree, and the celebrated Florentine ligiirp of the Scythian whetting his knife: of the other fitrures of this group no certain copies have been identified. The competition was also represented on the base of the statues of Leto, Apollo, and Artemis at Man- tihea, by Praxiteles, and of this composition three of the four slabs are now in the Museum at Athens. MARTEL, Charles. See Charles ^Iabtel. MARTEL, mar'tel', LoLHS Joseph (1813-92). A French politician, born at Saint-Omer. He studied law, entered politics, and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of 1849. He was a mem- ber of the Corps Legislatif in 18G3 and 1809; in 1871 was elected to the National Assembly, and was vice-president of the Chamber. In 1875 he was elected life member of the Senate; in 1S7G-77 he became Minister of Justice and Public In- struction, and in 1879-80 he was president of the Senate. MARTEL DE JANVILLE, dc zha.Nvel', Cai:kiklle. Countess de (c.lSoO— ). A French author, born at the Chateau of Koetsal (Morbi- han), and better known by her pen name, Gyp. She was the gieat-grandniece of Jlirabeau. and married the Comte Jlartel de .lanville in 1809. She created the essentially Parisian characters Petit Bob. Loulou, and Paulette, types of a more or less risqu6 society, which she describes in witty dialogue, and with piquant satire. Her novels include: Petit Bob (1882); La veriu de la baroniw (1882) ; Autour du mariarie (1883) : Kile ct lui (1885) ; Le p?i(s hrureux de tous 1 1885) ; Autour du divorce ( 1880) : iS'ac d papier (1880); Pour ne pa» I'etre? (1887); Pauvres petit' femmes (1888); Mademoiselle Loulou (1888) ; Bob au salon (1888) ; Ohe! Irs psijeho- logues (1889); Mademoiselle Eve (1889). suc- cessfully dramatized. MARTELE, mar'tr-h'i' (Fr.. hammered). In music, a direction for bow instruments, indicat- ing that notes so marked are to be played with a clean, decided stroke. When the term is used in piano music it means that the keys are to be striick heavily and firmly. MARTEL'LO TOWER. A round masonry tower designed to form part of a system of coast defense. The original Martello tower was situ- ated in the Gulf of San Fiorenzo. Corsica, and was named after its inventor. In 1794 two British war ships unsuccessfully attacked it, with loss to themselves: this single experience, it is said, leading afterwards to the adoption of Martidlo towers by the English. They were erected along the more exposed parts of the south coast and the south and southeastern coasts of Ireland. They were determined on and built hurriedly during the Napoleonic wars, owing to fear of a French invasion. They are about 40 feet high, solidly built, and situated on or near the beach. The walls are five and one- half feet thick and were supposed to be bomb- proof; the base formed the magazine, the gar- rison occupied the two upper rooms, and the swivel heavy gun and its accompanying how- itzers were placed on the roof. They were a great expense to the nation, and have always been regarded as worthless. They are now dismantled and, except in the few instances where they are utilizeil by the Coast Guard, abandoned. MARTEN (Fr. mnrtrc. marie, from MT.. iiiiirlufi. iiiarluris. mardarus, mard^ilus. mar- da ri us. from OHG. mnrdar. Ger. Mardcr. from OIIG. mart. .S. mear>. marten; probably con- nected with Lith. mnrtis. bride). Either of two species of fur-bearing animals of the genua Mtis- I