Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/13

* MANNA - CROUP, or Manna Groats. A kind of semolina, prepared in Russia, usually from the hard wheats of Odessa and Taganrog. Another kind is made by husking the small grain of the aquatic grass Glyceria fltiitans, which is care- fully collected for the purpose; it is expensive, and is used onI' as a luxury.

MANNA-GRASS, Floating Fescue, Float- ing Sweet JIeadow Grass, etc. {Glyceria or Paniciilarid fluitans). A perennial grass, three feet tall, found in marshes, ditches, and by the sides of stagnant pools in Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia. The stems are decum- bent at the base, and rooting at the joints; the leaves long and rather broad, the lower ones often floating; the inflorescence, a long, slender, nearly erect panicle. In irrigated meadows and in verj' wet grounds, manna-grass affords large quantities of cattle food. In many parts of Germany and Poland the seeds — which fall very readily out of the spikelets — are collected by spreading a cloth under the panicles and shak- ing them with a stick; they are used in soups and gruels, ai'e very palatable and nutritious, and are known as Polish manna. They are a favorite food of geese, and are also eagerly devoured by carp and other kinds of fish.

MANNA-INSECT. A scale-insect (flossypa- rid iiiiiiiiiifi rii) which lives on tamarisk in many places in countries bordering upon the Mediter- ranean Sea and produces 'manna,' which is a sub- stance very like honey. It is surely a product of the insect and not a secretion of the plant, although formerly it was supposed to exude from the plant through punctures made by the insect. The insect is found in Algeria, Arabia, Armenia, and Southern Russia. Formeidy it was known as Coccus mannifenis, or Chermes mnnnifer, the latter, the earliest name, having been proposed by Ilardwick in 1822.

MANNERISTS. A term applied to painters and sculptors who make an exaggerated or un- meaning use of inherited or acquired forms, without independent study of nature and without understanding their significance. A work of art is mannered when the forms are inappropriate to the ideas expressed. The term Mannerists is most frequently applied to those Italian painters See Painting.

See who were pupils of or immediately followed the leaders of the High Renaissance — especially Michelangelo. Raphael, C'orreggio — whose styles they imitated and exaggerated.

MAN'NERS, John. A British general Gran BY, .John Manners, Marquis of.

MANNERS, .John James Robert, Duke of Rutliind (1818 — ). An English statesman, born at Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire, December 13, 1818. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1841 he began his long Parliamentary career in the Conservative inter- est; was twice Postmaster-General (1874-80 and 1885-80), and succeeded Earl Stanhope as chair- man of the Copvright Commission. On the deatli of his brother '(1887) he became Duke of Rut- land. Among he publications are: Enff'liiiid's Trust: A Plea for National Holydays; and Eiig- lisli Ballads, a volume of graceful verse.

MANNERT, miin'nert, Konrad (1756-1834). A German historian and geographer, born at Altdort and educated at Nuremberg. In 1796 he became professor of history at Altdorf, in 1805 at Wiirzburg, in 1807 at Landshut. and in 1826 at Munich. His geographical works include the valuable Geoqraphic dcr Griechen und Riiiiicr (1795-1825, with Ukert) and an edition of tlu> Tabula Pcutiiiijcriana (1824): and among his historical labors the more important are: Kom- pendium dcr dcutschcn Rcich-sgeschichtc (1803; 3d ed. 1819); Kaiser LudwiglV. (1812); and Geschichte der alten Deutschen, besonders der Franken (1829-.32).

MANNHARDT. miin'hart, Wilhelm (1831- 80). A (Jernuin mythologist, born at Friedrich- .stadt in Schleswig. He was educated in the uni- versities of Berlin and Tiibingen, and became edi- tor of the Zeitschrift fiir deutsche Mi/tholojjit; und Sittenkunde ( 1855) . His books on Germanic myth include: Gcrmanischc Mythen (1858); Die Gottcr dcr deutschen und nordischen Volkrr (1800); Tloftficnn-olf nnd Rogr/ciihuitd (2d ed. 1800); Die Korndiunoucn '(1808); Klytia (1875); and his great works. ll'aW- und Fcld- kulte (1875-77) and Mythologische Forschungen (ed. by Patzig, 1884).

MANNHEIM, mVinliim. The capital of a district in Baden, formerly a to«ni of the Pa- latinate; at the confluence of the Rhine and