Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/119

* HABSH. atates (185G); Lectures on the English Lan- guage (lyCl); The Origin and Uistory of the tinylish Language (18ti2) ; and Man and Mature (18U4; enlarged in 1874 as The Earth as Modi- fied by Human Action). MARSH, HEKitEKT (1757-1839). Bishop of I'ctLTbiininyli. He was born in Faversham, Kent ; was graduated at Saint John's College, Cam- bridge, in 1770, an<l studied theology at Leipzig and Gcittingen. He was apiiointed Lady Mar- garet professor of divinity at Cambridge in 1807, Bishop of Llandafl" in ISKi, and Bishop of Peterboroigli in 1810. Opposing the allegorical .systems of iiiterpretaticm of the Fathers and the Middle Ages, he insisted that Scripture has but one sense, and was one of the first to introduce German melliods of research into English bibli- cal scholarship. His publications include: a translation of ilichaelis's Introduction to the Neiv Testament (1702-1801 ) ; Authenticity of the Five Hooks of Moses (1702); The National Religion the Founthilion of Satio)ial Education (1813); Lectures on the Criticism and Interpretation of the Hible (1828) ; Lectures on the Authenticity and CrediUlity of th-e New Testament (1822-23) ; and 0)1 tlie Authority of the Old Testament (1823). MAESH, James (1704-1842). A theologian and critic, born in Hartford. Vt. Marsh was graduated at Dartmouth (1817) and at the Andover Theological Seminary (1822). He was ordained to the Congregational ministry (1824) and for the next two years taught languages at Hampton-Sidney College, Va., beginning there his translation of Herder's Spirit of Hehreii- Poetry, completed in 1833, a work of value in the de- velopment of American criticism. In 1826 he was ma<le president of the University of Ver- mont, a post which he resigned (1833) for the professorship of philosophy. His edition of Cole- ridge's Aids to Refteetion, with its preliminary essay, gave him considerable repute. MAKSH, Othxiel Charles (1831-90). An American zoologist and paleontologist. He was born in Lockport, N. Y., graduated at Yale Col- lege, and studied in Germany. L^pon his return to the I'nited States he was appointed professor of paleontology and curator of the geological mu- seum at Yale, and held these positions until his death. Professor Jlarsh accomplished a great amount of valuable scientific work in the discov- I rv and descrijition of new fossil vertebrates from (lie geological formations of the Western States and Territories. In carrying out his investiga- tions he organized many exploring expeditions at his own expense, and directed others which were equipjied by the United States Occdogical Sur- vey. More than 400 new fossil species of verte- brates were described by Professor Marsh, among tliem such interesting types as the Pinocerata (huge tapir-like animals), Pterodactyls (flying lizards), and Odontornithes (toothed birds) . His discoveries of the fossil ancestors of the horse marked an epoch in evolutionary science and have been frequently employed as an illustration of the principle of evolution. The more extended and general articles by Professor ilarsh were incorporated in the Reports and Monor/rapjis of the United States Geological Survey. He served as president of the American .ssociation for the .dvancement of Science in 1878, and of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences from 1883 to 1895. 99 MARSHAL. The Geological Society ol London, of which he w^s a fellow, bestowed upon him the first Bigsby medal in 1877. He also received the Cuvier prize of the French Academy of Sciences. His valu- able collection of fossil vertebrates was left to Vale University. MARSH, Syltoster (1803-84). An Ameri- can merchant and promoter, born at Campton, X. II. In 1833 he removed to Chicago, and set up as a butcher. He was the originator of the meat-packing industry and invented many of the appliances now used in that business. Later he entered the grain liusiness and invented the dried meal process. During a visit to his old home in 1852 he conceived the idea of a railroad to the top of -Mount Washington, and insisted upon the feasibility of the plan, and persisted until in 1858 he obtained a charter for the con- .struction of the road, but because of the Civil War was unable to begin work until 1806. MARSHAL (OF. mareschal, marescal, Fr. mareclial, from ML. marcsehalcus, carescalcus, from OllG. marahsealh, groom, master of the horse, nuirshal, from marah, AS. mearh, Ir., Gael, marc, Cik. iiipKa^, markas, horse + scalh, Ger. iichalk, Goth, skalks, AS. sceale. ol)solcte Eng. shalk, servant). A term in English history, originally meaning a groom or manager of the horse, though eventually the King's marshal became one of the great officers of the household of the Xorman and Plantagenet kings, being conjointly with the constable (q.v. ) a judge in the curice martiales, or courts of chivalry, and enjoying equal rank with the Clianeellor. The constable's functions were virtually abolished in the time of Henry VIII., and the marshal be- came thenceforth the sole judge in questions of honor and arms. The earl marshal is president of the English College of Heralds, and appoints the kings-at-arms, heralds, and pursuivants. The dignity of marshal existed formerly in Scotland, where a different orthography was adopted, and the office of marischal became hereditary in the fourteenth century in the family of Keith. In France the, highest military officer is called a marshal, a dignity which originated early in the thirteenth century. There was at first only one marechal de France, and there were but two till the time of Francis I. Their number afterwards became unlimited. Originally the marshal was the esquire of the King, and commanded the van- guard in war; in later times the command be- came supreme, and the rank of the highest mili- tary importance. From the title of this class of general officers the Germans have borrowed their Feldmarschall, and the English the title of field- marshal, a dignity bestowed on commanders dis- tinguished cither by elevated rank or siiperior talents. The title marshal in the United States is used: (I) to denote the ministerial officer of the United States courts, there being, with sev- eral exceptions, one appointed for each judicial district. The exceptions are the few instances Avhere one marshal is required to perform the duties of two districts. The duties of this officer resemble those of a sheriff in the State courts; he opens and closes the sessions of the district and circuit courts, serves warrants, and executes throughout the district all lawful precepts di- rected to him. Marshals are also appointed for Porto Rico, Alaska, and Hawaii. (2) In many States of tiie South and ^'est the marshal is the