Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/103

* MABNIAN EPOCH. 83 MARONITES. came to Western Kurope through Greece and lllyria. MABrNIX, niiir'niks, Philip van. Baron Sainte-AI(lcf,'onde (Ir)38-!I8). A Flemish states- man and writer, boru at Brussels. He studied theology at (ieneva and returned to his native country a devoted adherent of the Hefornied re- ligion and a sworn foe of the Spanish Government and the Inquisition. Upon the appointment of the Duke of Alva to the governorship of the Netherlands (1567) Marnix sought refuge in Germany. He shared in the labors of William of Orange," who, in 1572, sent him as his repre- sentative to the first meeting of the Estates of Holland at Dordrecht. After a year's captiv- ity in the hands of the Spaniards he entered upon an active diplomatic career as representa- tive of the Protestant provinces at Paris and London, and in 1578 at the Diet of Worms. He took a prominent part in the formation of the Union of Utreeht. (See Netiieri,.M)S.) In 1583 he Iw'came burgomaster of Antwerp, and. after a siege of over a year, was forced to surrender the city to Alexander of Parma (1585). There- after he took little share in political life. His writings in prose and verse form a part of the classic literature of the Netherlands. Of these the most important are: De roomsche hyen- korf, a satire: an excellent translation of the Psalms, and Wilhehiius van Nassoiiire. which has become one of the national hymns of the Nether- lands. His works were published at Brussels in seven volumes ( 1855-57 ). Consult .Juste, Vie de Marnix dc flainte-Aldegonde (Brussels, 1858). MARNO, mar'nA, Ernst (1844-8.3). A Ger- man explorer of Western Africa. He was born at Vienna, and in 18G6 went to Abyssinia. Three years later he traveled to Khartum, then south to Fadasi, and in 1871 and 1872 explored the upper course of the White Nile. In 1874 he joined Gordon, who in 1878 put him in command of the District of Galabat. where he did much to suppress the slave trade. He died in Khartum. He wrote Reisen im GeMet des ireisscn und blaven Mil (1874), and Reise in der agyptischen Aequatorialprovinz und in Kordofan in den Jah- ren /S7-',-7fi (1878). MAROCCO. ma-r6k'6. See Morocco. MABOCHETTI, ma'ro-ket'te. Carlo, Baron (1805-08). A French sculptor. He was born at Turin, studied under Basio, in Paris, and resided at Rome from 1822-30. In 1827 he received a medal at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts for his "Girl Playing with a Dog." His first im- portant work was a statue of Emmanuel Phili- bert of Savoy at Turin, which he presented to his native city, in recognition of which service he was made a baron. He subsequently returned to Paris. The most important of his works at Paris include: "Battle of .Temappes." a relief upon the Arc de Triomphe de I'Etoile ; a monu- ment to Bellini in Pf're-la-Chaise Cemetery: and the high altar of the Church of the Madeleine. He received the Legion of Honor in 1839. In consequence of the revolution of 1S48 he emi- grated to England. At the Great Exhibition of 1851 he exhibited a colossal equestrian statiie of RicharxJ Ceenr de Lion, which was placed at the entrance to the Crystal Palace and was cast in bronze by national subscription. His other works in England include: An equestrian statue of the Queen and of Wellington, for Glasgow; a portrait bust of Prince Albert; a statue of Lord Clyde, in Saint James Park, and that of Thackeray in Westminster Abbey. He was made an Academician in 1800. He died, near Paris, .lanuary 4, 1808. MARONI, ma'ro-ne' (Dutch Marowijnc). A river forming the boundary between Dutch and French Guiana (Map: South America, G 2). It rises in the Tumue Humac Mountains on the frontier of Brazil, and Hows northward through a densely forested region, falling in a number of cascades over the successive escarpments of the terraced plateau. It enters the Atlantic after a course of 425 miles. Below the last cascade, 40 miles from its mouth, it is a wide, deep, and beautiful stream, connected with the estuary of the Surinam by the navigable Cottica Creek running parallel with the coast. MAR'ONITES. A Christian sect of Syria, of very ancient origin. The most probable ac- count represents them as descendants of a remnant of the Monothelite sect (see MoNO- thelitism) wlio, in the early part of the eighth century, settled on the slopes of the Lebanon, their chief seats being around the monastery of Maron, a saint of the fourth century, whose life is found in Theodoret's Religious His- tories (iii. p. 1222). The emigrants are said to have elected as their chief and patriarch a monk of the same name, with the title of Patriarch of Antioch, and, throughout the political vicissi- tudes of the succeeding centuries, to have main- tained themselves in a certain independence among the Moslem conquerors. In the twelfth century, on the establishment of the Latin King- dom of Jerusalem, the Maronites abandoned their distinctive monothelite opinions, and rec- ognized the authority of the Roman Church. In 1445 they entered into a formal act of union with Rome. In 1584 a college was founded in Rome by Gregory XIII. for the education of the Maronite clergy' ; and in 1730 they formally subscribed to the decrees of the (^uncil of Trent. Neverthe- less, altlunigh united with Rome, they are per- mitted to retain their distinctive national rites and usages. They administer comniiuiion in both kinds; they use the ancient Syriac lan- guage in their liturgy; their clergy, if married before ordination, are permitted to retain their wives; and they have many festivals and saints not recognized in the Roman calendar. The IMaronites at present are about 125,000 in ntim- ber. Tlieir patriarch is still styled Patriarch of Antioch, and resides in the Convent of Kanobin, in the heart of the Lebanon. He is chosen by the bishops subject to the approval of Rome, and always bears the name Butrus (Peter). Kvery tenth year he reports the state of his patriarchate to the Pope. I'nder him are 14 bishops, to whom are subject the officiating clergy of the smaller districts. The revenues of all orders of ecclesiastics, however, are very narrow, and the inferior clergy live in great measure by the labor of their hands. Very many convents for both sexes are spread over the country, contain- ing, on the whole, from 20.000 to 25.000 members, who all wear a distinctive costume, but follow the rule of Saint Anthony. The chief seat of the Maronites is the district called Kesrowan. on the western declivity of ]Iount Lebanon : but they are to be founil scattered over the whole territory of the Lebanon, and in all the towns and larger villages toward the north in the direction of