Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/99

* LEGAX, EDUCATION. 87 LEGAL TENDER. $508,694. The volumes in the libraries num- bered 338,167. Of the HOG instructors, about 75 devoted theruselves almost exclusively to teaching. Seven schools maintained legal peri- odicals. Closely connected with improvements in law schools is a recent advance in requirements for admission to the bar. There are now in as many as 19 States examinations by commissions having jurisdiction throughout the State. In these States, and in some others, written examinations are the rule. Examinations often include, in addition to definitions and classitications that have been substantially memorized, the solution of hypothetical problems resembling those aris- ing in actual practice. The requirement of law- study preparatory to admission to the examina- tion is in as many as IS States three years, and in as many as 11 States two years. In about half of the States there is also a requirement of a high-school education. Legal education is a frequent subject of dis- cussion at meetings of law societies. The Ameri- can Bar Association has a standing committee on Legal Education and Admission to the Bar. and also a Section of Legal Education. In 1901 the Association of American Law Schools was founded, holding meetings at the same time and place as the American Bar Association. BiBUOGBAPHT. Consult: Poste. Griius (Oxford, 1871), pp. 12-2-124: Holland. Instiliilcs of Jus- iiman (Oxford, 1881), pp. 25-32: Hunter, Roman Law (London. 1807). pp. 55, 79-80: Roby, Iniro- i3uction to the Digest (Cambridge, 1886), pp. 26- 27: Sohm. Insliiutes of Boman Law (Oxford, 1901), pp. 98-100. 139-141; Savigny, Gcschichte des Eomischen Kechts, vol. iii. (Heidelberg, 1834), pp. 83-419. 643-718; Muther, Oeschichte der Reclitsrisaeii^liaft (Jena, 1870) ; Conipayre. Ahelnrd and the Orifiin and Early History of Viiiversitica (Xew York, 1893), pp. 214-239; Eashdall. T'niversHies of Europe in the Middle Ages (Oxford. 1895) ; Hart, German Universities (Xew York. 1874) : Conrad. German Universities (Glasgow, 1885), pp. 124-141; Lexis, Die Deiitsehen Universifiiten, vol. i. (Berlin. 1803), pp. 279-420: Al:ndemisehes Tasehenhiich fiir Jiirisfen (Berlin, published semi-annually) ; .Jones. Uisloni of the French Bor(London. 1885) : Le livret de I'etiidiant de Paris (Paris, published annually) : Annnnire de Vinstruction (Paris) ; Fortescue. De Lavdihus Leginn Angli(r (Lon- don. 1775), chs. xlviii.-xlix. : Waterhous. Fortes- eutiis Ilhistratiis (London, 1663), pp. 539.546; Dugdale. Origines Jnridieales (London, 1671). pp. 159-160: Pearce. Guide to the Inns of Court (London, 1855) ; Smith, Eistoni of Education for the English liar (London, 1860) ; Gibson and Chnckerbntty. Hoiv to Become a Barrister (Lon- don. 1902) : Calendars of the Universities of Ox- ford, Cambridge, London, Duhlin, Edinburgh, and Glasgow: Report to the House of Commons from the Select Committee on Legal Education (Lon- don. 1846) : Parliamentari) Report of the Com- missioners to Inquire into the Arrangements in the Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery for Pro- moting the Study of the Laiv (London, 1855) ; Parliamentary Report of the Commissioners to Consider the Proposed Gresham University in London (London. 1894) : The Green Bag (Bos- ton, published monthly). especially historical articles in vols, i.-iii.: Reports of the American Bar Association (Philadelphia, published annu- ally), especially the volume for 1891; Reports of the Commissioner of Education of the United States (Washington, published annually), espe- cially the volume for 1890-91, pp. 370-563, and the bibliography on pp. 565-578; Jones's Index to Legal Periodicals (Boston, 1888-89), title Legal Education. LE GALLIENNE, k gi'il'li-en, Richard ( 1S66— ). An English journalist and man of letters, born in Liverpool, Januarj' 20, 1806. He was graduated from Liverpool College, and served articles to a firm of chartered accountants for seven years, when he abandoned business to devote himself to literature. For a few months (1889) he was private secretary to the actor Wilson Barrett. In 1891 he became literary critic for the Star, and soon joined also the staffs of the Daily Chronicle and the Speaker, Two years later he was involved with Robert Buchanan in a controversy on the question, "Is Christianitv Played Out ?" The outcome was the Religion of a Literary ilan (1893). In 1899 he wrote Rudyard Kipling, an attack on Kip- ling's art and influence. The range and quality of his general criticism is well represented by Retrospective Reviews (2 vols., 1896) ; and a certain grace by The Book-Bills of yarcissus (1891), Prose Fancies (1st series, 1894; •2d series, 1896), and Sleeping Beauty and Other Prose Fancies (1900). In 1898 he visited the United States on a lecture tour, and afterwards took up his residence in Xew York. For a time he wrote articles for the Xew Y'ork .Journal. Among his publications not cited above are: My Lady's Sonnets (privately printed, 1887) ; Tolumes in Folio (1889);" English Poems (1802); Robert Louis Stevenson and Other Poems (1895); The Quest of the Golden Girl, a novel (1896). an adaptation of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam; Young Lives (1899) ; Travels in England ' (1900) ; An Old Country Bouse (1902) ; Mr. Sun and Mrs. Moon (1902) ; George Meredith, Some Characteristics (1902). LEGAL TENDER. In its broadest sense, an ofl'er or attempt to perform a contract in ac- cordance with the ai)propriate legal require- ments. ^"hen thus used, the term includes an ofl'er to perform by doing something, as well as an offer to perforni by paying something. In the former case a legal tender, that is, an offer to perform the contract at the agreed time and place, as in the ease of a sale and delivery of a chattel, discharges the person making the tender from all contract liability, although the other party declines the tender." In the same way a legal tender of the amount due on a mortgage or a pledge, even though it be rejected by the credi- tor, wUl oper.ate to" discharge the property from the lien of the mortgage or pledge. A tender of payment, however, does not dis- charge the debtor.' Its effect is to save the ten- derer from paying interest thereafter, and from the costs of a suit for the debt. In order that a tender of payment be legal, it must Ix? a ]iroffor of money actually produced and accessible to the creditor! or the "production nnist be waived by him; the exact amount due must be offered or .1 sum tendered from which the creditor can take the exact amount without making change, and it must be unconditional. The term is also used to denote the kind of money that is legally tenderable in the payment of debts. This isresulated with considerable mi-