Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/93

* LEEXJWABDEN. I straight, and walks have been laid out on the site of the former fortifications. Leeuwarden has a handsome town hall and an ancient palace of the Stadtholder of Friesland. There are several learned societies, among them the Frisian Soci- ety for the study of history, antiquities, and lan- guage, which possesses an interesting museum. The town has several libraries. The (iothic chan- cery of the sixteenth century was formerly the seat of the law court for Friesland. The indus- tries include the manufacture of gold and silver ware, musical instruments, and mirrors. The town is a large fruit and beef market, and trades in flax, chicorv, woolen goois. gfoceries, wines, and brandy. "Population, in 1892, 30,089; in inOO, .32.162. Leeuwarden was a walled town as early as 1190, and till the end of the thirteenth century was a port on a bay called the Borndiep, which the drifting sand gradually filled up. liEEtrWENHOEK, la'ven-hook, .Axtomus VAX (1032-1723). A Dutch naturalist, born at Delft. He did not receive a learned education, but he was a man of means who devoted himself to the manufacture of lenses and to the investiga- tion of microscopic forms of life, without, how- ever, following any scientific plan of procedure. He discovered and identified the red corpuscles of the blood, described striated muscle-fibres, and demonstrated the circulation of the blood in the capillaries. He was also the first to find Hydra, Infusoria, and rotifers, many species of which he described. Spermatozoa (q.v. ) were first seen by his pupil Ludwig Hamm. Leeuwenhoek studied the anatomy of many insects and observed the parthenogenetic reproduction of aphides. He dis- jjroved many cases of supposed spontaneous gen- eration among animals. Jlo.st of Leeuwenhock's writings were published in London in the Philo- sophical Transactions of the Royal Society, and in the Metnoires of the Paris Academy. His works were published in Leyden. under the title Opera Omnia, sive Arcana Saturw Ope Exactis- siiiiortim ilicroscopiorum Detecta (1724). LEETJWIN, looln, Cape. The southwest ex- tremity of Australia, marked by a first-class lighthouse, visible at 20 miles (Map: Australia, A 5). It was first sighted, in 1022, from the Leemcin. a Dutch vessel. LEEWARD, loo'erd, ISLANDS. A part of the West India group. The name has four dis- tinct applications: geographically, it is sometimes used in reference to the Greater Antilles and adjacent islands, sometimes to the islands off the Venezuelan coast west of Trinidad (these were the Leeward Islands of the Spaniards), and some- times to the islands lying between the Virgin group and Martinique (in the first two cases the name was used to denote islands not directly exposed to the trade winds) ; politically, the name is applied to a British colony erected in 1>*7I and consisting of Antigua. Mont.serrat. Saint Christopher and Xevis, a part of the Virgin group, Dominica, and their dependencies. The area of the colony is about 700 square miles; population, in 1901, 127,434. of whom about 9.5 per cent, were negroes and colored persons. See articles on the islands named above. LEEWAY. When a ship is steering in any direction, and a strong wind is blowing, so as to make an acute angle with the direction of the ship, the ship's actual course is the resultant of 81 LEFEBVBE. two forces, one represented by her headway (or locomotive power), the other by the force urging her in the direction of the wind. This resultant must be somewhat between the two; and, with the same power of wind, the angle between the direction in which the ship is steering and the resultant will lie great or small as the headway is diminished or increa.sed. This angle repre- sents the leeway; and the distance lost to lee- ward is shown by the side of the triangle sub- tending this angle. In computations of the course pursued, allowance has to be made for leeway. LEFANU, lefa-noo', .Joseph SnERinAX (1814- 73). An Irish novelist and journalist, born in Dublin. He was educated at Trinitj- College, Dublin; joined the staff of the Dublin Vnii:ersity Magazine ( 1837). and was its editor and proprie- tor from 1S39 till 1872; purchased three Dublin papers, and united them in the Evening Mail (l.S39t; and wrote several capital Iri.sh novels. Of his novels the best is Uncle Silas (18G4). He wrote two fine Irish ball.ads, "Phaudhrig Croohoore" and "Shamus O'Brien." His Fur- cell Papers, a series of Irish stories, were edited with a memoir by A. P. Graves (London. 18,80). LEFEBTJRE-WELY, Ic-fa'bur' va'le'. Louis .Tame.s Alfred (1817-09). A French organist and composer, born in Paris. When only fifteen years old he succeeded his father as organist at Saint Roch. In 1832 he entered the Con.serva- tory. and in 1834 won two second, and the next year two first prizes. He further studied compo- sition, counterpoint, and the organ with Halfvy, Berton. Adam, and Sfjan. From 1847 to 18.58 he was organist at the Madeleine, and. from 1863 to his death, at Saint Sulpiee. In 1850 he received the decoration of the Legion of Honor. As an organist he was especially famous for his won- derful improWsation. His piano compositions were popular, but his organ pieces, "Cantiques," and "Offertoires" are superior. He also wrote an op^ra comique. Les rec;Hfeurs( 1861 ), symphonies for orchestra, chamber-music, and masses. LEFEBVBE, le-fe'vr', Francois Joseph, Duke of Den2ig( 1755-1820). A marshalof France. He was born at Ruffaeh, in Alsace, entered the army at eighteen, and was a sergeant in the French Guards when the Revolution broke out. He rose rapidly in rank. Hoche in 1793 made him Ijrigadiergeneral. and the next year general of division. He fought at Fleurus. and along the Rhine from 1794 to 1797. In that year he was commander-in-chief of all the French armies for a few months after the death of Hoche. He took part with Bonaparte in the coup-d'ftat of 1799, and in 1804 was made a marshal of the Empire. He distinguished himself in the war against Prussia in 1806-07. He conilucted the siege of Danzig, and after its capture was created Duke of Danzig. He won fresh laurels in the campaign in Spain in 1808, especially by his capture of Bilbao and Segovia. In 1809 he was present at EckmUhl and Wagram, and put down the insurrection in the Tyrol. During the Russian campaign he had the command of the Imperial Guard, and in 1814 fought valiantly against the Allies in France. Submitting to the Bourl)ons after Xapoleon's abdication, he was made a peer. LEFEBVBE, .Jules Joseph (1834—). A French historical and portrait painter. He