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* ]y[ANi. 799 MANICH^ISM. to public contempt. His followers suffered bitter persecution. Maui is reported to have been a man of great and varied ability along several lines, e.g. in the art of painting. He was not content with writ- ing in the Syriac and Persian languages, but in- vented an alphabet of his own. His works, which were known to the Mohammedan historians, but have since been lost, included the Book of Secrets, describing certain Christian sects of the East ; the Book of Precepts for Hearers, the most wide- ly current of his writings, probably to be identi- fied with what Augustine calls the Epistola Funduincnti; and a Uoly Gospel (perhaps not its actual title, though it is so called), a work writ- ten in Persian while Mani was in retirement in Turkestan. He also wrote several shorter treatises and numerous letters. Among the most important sources for !Mani"s life are the Arabic Fihrist by Abulfarag an- Xadim (tenth century), edited by Fliigel (Leip- zig, 1871-72): the Greek Acta Disputationis .■Lrchclai, edited by Routh, in Reliquiw Sacrcc, vol. V. ( Oxford. 1848 ), translated into English in the Ante-yicene Fathers, American ed., vol. vi. ; and Eusebius. Ecclesiastical History, vii. 31. In Latin, the works of Augustine are valuable for western Manichteism; consult the Sieene and Post-Xicene Fathers, first series, vol. iv. (edited by P. Schaff). In general, consult: De Beau- sobre, Histoire critique du Manicheisnie (Am- sterdam, 1734) ; Kessler. Hani, bd. i., Torunter- suchtiiigen tind Quellen (Berlin, 1889) : Harnack, History of Dogma, vol. iii. (London, 1897). For Mani's doctrine, see ilAXica.EiSM. MANIA (Lat., madness) . A form of insanity characterized by exaltation of emotional state and hyper-excitation of cerebral and nerve func- tion. The manner of one suffering from mania is indicative of active fancy, acute perception, extravagant ideation, rapidity of thought, and jrreat exaggeration in action. There is a loss of natural self-control. Generally pleasurable and expansive ideas fill the mind. The pa- tient imagines he is wealthy, prominent, pos- sessed of unlimited strength, and he desires to make others happy by sharing his fancied pos- sessions. Excesses in eating, drinking, and sex- ual indulgence are frequent, in persons hitherto abstemious and moral. The maniac's condition resembles mild intoxication, and he is easily an- gered by reproof or contradiction, or by imaginary affront or mere interruption. The pleasurable state then gives way to violent anger. The regnant note in mania is egotism. Violence is frequent. Hallucinations, delusions, and illusions are common. See In'S.xity. The outset of an attack of mania is rarely sudden. Generally a period of depression pre- cedes, with digestive disturbance, pressure and pain in the head, insomnia, lack of power of attention, and physical and mental exhaustion. This period lasts from one to three months. Tlie disappearance of depression and its replacement by exaltation is often mistaken for a return to liealth. till violence appears, and exaggerated ideas are found to have a delusional basis. Sim- ple mania persists for about three months in acute cases, or for a year in milder cases. If a case continues for over a year, the chances of recovery are lessened. From 10 to 1.5 per cent. 'f all insane are maniacs. Unfortunately, the popular idea of a crazy person is that of a maniac, and many people hesitate to accept the truth of the existence of insanity iu a patient of quiet demeanor. Mania appears generally between the ages of twenty-five and thirty-five years, the period of initial stress and strain in the average life, and the period during which alcoholic and venereal excesses are more fre- quent. From CO to 80 per cent, of the cases of mania recover, under proper custodial care. Institutional life, with its routine and its atmos- phere of order and obedience, is very salutary for most cases, in addition to providing safety for both patient and relatives. Patients who do not recover pass into chronic mania and later into terminal dementia. About 4 per cent, of the cases of simple and acute mania are of the exhaustive type, and die of the mania or from a complicating pneumonia or from some such disorder, especially in alcoholic ca.ses. As prog- ress is made toward recovery in favorable cases, an occasional lucid interval occurs, with relapses into violence and exaltation, until convalescence is established. In patients who are handicapped with a hered- itary predisposition to insanity, attacks of mania are frequent upon subjection to the in- jurious influences that produced the first attack. Such a condition has been called 'recurrent mania,' The toxic neuroses due to abuse of alcohol, chloral opium, the bromides, etc, are manias. With the exception of alcoholic insanity, they are rarely seen. The insanities occurring in some cases of hysteria and epilepsy are also manias. See EpiLEPST and Ht.steria. Mania occurs in circular insanity {cyclothy- mia), alternating with melancholia and a lucid interval. The treatment of mania is largely dietetic and hygienic. In most cases of insanity more management is needed than medicine. To meet special indications the physician uses seda- tives and hypnotics, tissue-builders, intestinal antiseptics, and stimulants of circulatory and lymphatic apparatus. For the legal aspect* of mania, see Ixs.4nitt and Lunacy. MANICALAND, ma-ne'ka-land. Formerly a tributary State of Gazaland, and now divided between Portuguese East Africa (q.v. ) and Rhodesia, forming in the latter part of the Prov- ince of Mashonaland (q.v.). It is very valuable for its gold fields and is traversed by the railway line from Beira to Fort Salisbury'. MAJjgCH /KISM. A speculative religious .system of Western Asia, founded by IMani (q.v.) in the third century of our era. The ideas upon which it was based probably originated in Baby- lonia, but it assimilated others of Persian (Zoro- astrian) and Christian origin, and perhaps some from Buddhism, although this has been ques- tioned by recent critics. The Christianity from which it borrowed was of the Gnostic type (see Gnosticism), and Manichaeism has been called, not improperly, 'the most complete Gnosis.' Its western branch came closely in contact rith the Church, and appropriated so many Christian ideas and usages that it was sometimes regarded as a heresy, although it was properly a rival system. It differed from Christianity, among other things, in its complete rejection of the Old Testament. The dualism which Mani taught was radical