Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/892

* MANGXJAWGA. 798 MANI. MANGTJANGA, maugwaii'gi'i. A name used for » ilil Malay tribes in the forests of Mindanao. See I'uu.iri'i.NK Islands. MANGUIAN, man'g«-an', or MANGYAN. A wild ila lay-Negrito-Mongoloid people, com- prising many tribes on Mindoro, RombWn, and Tablas islands: the separate tribes have many names, such as Bakil or Buquil, etc. Also a little-known tribe on Sibiiy^n Island. See PuiLii'i'iNK Islands. MANGU KHAN, miln'gw Kiin. See MoNCOl Dyx.^stiks. MAN'GXJM, Willie Person ( 1792-18G1). An American |)ulitician, born in Orange County, X. C. lie was graduated from tlic University of Xorth Carolina in 181.), and was admitted to the bar in the following year. In 1818-19 he served in the General Assembly, and was elected by that body judge of the Supreme Court in 181!), but resigned the ne.t year. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1823 to 1820, when he again became judge. He was a Presidential elector in 1820, and in 1831 became a member of the United States Senate. At the request of the Legislature he resigned in 1831!, and the next year he received the eleven electoral votes of South Carolina for President. In 1840 he was returned to the United States Senate in place of Bedford Brown, who had also been requested by {he Legislature to resign, and served until 18.')3, when the Whig Party was practically disintegrated in his State. In 1842 he was elected president of the Senate to succeed Samuel L. Southard, of Xew .Jersey, and served until 1845. During his Senatorial service he was one of the leaders of the Whig Party. MANHAT'TAN. A city and the county-seat of Kilcy County, Kan., 52 miles west of Topeka, on the Kansas River, at the mouth of the Big Blue, and on the Union Pacific and the Cliicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroads (Map: Kansas, F 2 ). The State Agricultural College, opened in 1803, is situated here, ifanhattan is the com- mercial centre for a farming and stock-raising district, and has white limestone quarries, cement ■works, a foundry, and agricultural macliine works. The waterworks are owned and operated hv the municipalitv. Population, in 1890, 3004; in 1900. 3438. MANHATTAN COLLEGE. A Roman Catho- lic inslilution in New York City, under the con- trol of the Brothers of the Christian Schools. It was opened in 1849 as an academy for young men under the name of the Academy of the" Holy Name, and was incorporated under its present name in 1803. It has an arts and a science de- partment, conferring the degrees of B.A. and B.S. Besides the college proper there are an acailemic, a conunercial, and a preparatory de- partment. A course in civil engineering, leading to the C.E. degree, is also offered. In 1903 the registration was 501 and the faculty numbered 38. The college library contained "l2,000 vol- umes. The income was .$40,940. MANHATTAN ISLAND. An i.sland at the head of New York Hay, forming the borough of Manhattan in New York City, and containing the commercial and financial nucleus of the metropolis, together with its main residence portion. It is situated between the Hudson or North River and the East River ; Spuyten Duyvil Creek and the Harlam River separate it from the mainland on the north and northeast. The island, with tapering nortlicrn and southern extremities, a few hundred yards wide, is S miles long, with a maxinuun width, at Four- teenth Street, of 2^4 miles, and an area of 22 square miles. It has a wharfage front of 22 miles, with a depth of water sufficient for the largest vessels. The Brooklyn Bridge connects Manhattan Island, about a mile from its southern extremity, with Long Island: another bridge about a mile to the east of this is ncaring com- pletion; three miles farther nortl a l)ridge will s])an the river where the channel is divided by Blackwell's Island. A numl)er of bridges span the Harlem River and Spuyten Duyvil Creek, and numerous steam ferries communicate with the adjacent shores. The surface is undulating and rocky, in the north rising from the Hudson to an altitulc of 238 feet at Washington Heights, but slo])ing abruptly toward the east, where is a level stretch formerly known as the Harlem Flats. Farther south the elevation continues as a central ridge, with a gentle slope on either side. Extensive leveling was necessary in lay- ing out the streets. With the exception of the Harlem plain and an extensive bed of beach sand to the south and east of City Hall, the island is chiefly composed of crystalline Ardupan roeks with intercalated veins of gneiss, mica schist, and hornblende, overlaid by generally shallow glacial <lrift deposits. The greater part of the city is built on the rock foundation : pile founda- tions, however, are resorted to in the deeper glacial deposits and in the beach sand. I'eter Jlinuit. the first Dutch Oovcrnor-Gencral, is said to have received Manhattan Island in 1020 for barter to the value of about $25 ; the ground value alone is now estimated at over $2,500,000,- 000. MANX, mil'ne, also called Manes and Mani- CH.EUS (C.21G-277). A Persian sage, founder of a religious and philoso])hical system, which spread widely and lived long, especially in its western forms. The most valualile accounts of Mani's life are found in Mohammedan histories. He was born near Ctesiphon, in ilesopotamia, where he received his education. His father, Fatak, was connected with the ifughtasilah, a South Babylonian sect of 'baptizers,' akin to the Mandajans (q.v. ) and perhaps also to the Elke- saites (q.v.). Toward his thirtieth year Mani began the new religious movement which was to bear his name, preaching at the Court of the Persian King, Shapur I. He claimed that he re- ceived divine revelations, and that he was the final prophet of God to the world. Not meeting with great success at Court, he undertook a series of missionary' journeys, penetrating into Turkestan, India, and China. He also sent out disciples to preach his doctrines. After spending many years in missionary labor, Mani returned to Persia, where he now won converts even at the royal Court. But the Magians (the Persian priest- hood) rose in opposition, and he was imprisoned, but managed to escape. After the death of Shapur, JIani returned to the capital and was received with favor by the new King, Hormuz I. But the Magians renewed their attacks, and after some years of conflict secured his condem- nation, during the reign of Bahram I. Mani was crucified, and his body was flayed and exposed 1