Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/886

* MANETHO. 792 MANGAiDAN. Eusebins, both tables preserved only in the work of George SynccUus of Byzantium (a.d. 78:2), and iu the so-called Exccrpta Jiarbari (in Latin). These e.xtracts have come down to ns in such a mutilated form that it is veiy diffi- cult to form an opinion of the value of the orig- inal book. The earlier Egyptologists overrated the importance of this authority, and lately it has been treated with the greatest skepticism. Not only have the names and dates been corrupted to a large extent, but Manetho undoubtedly did not possess suflicient sources of information to make his book absulutoly reliable. Xeverthcless, we still retain his division of Egyptian history into thirty dynasties from llenes (before whom the fabulous" reigns of gods, demigods, and manes are enumerated) to Alexander, although this division is recognized to be merely conventional in more than one case. The old discussion, as to whether the dynasties of Manctho were all ccinsocutive or whether some were contempo- raneous, has l)een settled in favor of the second theory, although it applies only to a few cases (e.g. Dvnasties fifteen to seventeen). The Sothiac cycle of 14G0 years (at the end of which the short civil year of the Egyptians and the correct astronomical or Julian calendar again coincided), followed by Jlanelho in his chrono- logical arrangement, has been of little use to mod- ern scholars, owing to the fragmentary condition of the extracts. It is often possible to correct the errors of Manetho by the aid of the monu- ments. Consult: Boekh, Manelho (Berlin, 184.5) ; Unger, Chroiiologie des Manctho- (Berlin, 18G7) ; handy editions of the text in Bunsen, Ef/t/pt's Place in Vnii'crsal History, translation, vol. i. (London, 1848-G7) ; and in C. Muller (ed.). Bis- torici (Jrwci Minores (2 vols., Leipzig, 1870-71 1. Manetlio is said to have also written : A Com- pendium of Natural Science; Concerning Feasts; On the Preparation of Kiiphi (i.e. aromatic frank- incense). W'bctlier these works were spurious, as is undoubtedly the Apotelesmata, an astronomical work of the Christian time, cannot be deter- mined; another 'JIanethonian' book, the Sothis (i.e. dog star), is clearly spurious, as it is dedi- cated to the Emperor Augustus. MANETTI, ma-net'te, Gi.xozzo. An Italian humanist. See GiAXOZZo Maxetti. MAN'FRED (e.1232-66). King of Naples and Sicily from 1258 to 1266. He was a natural son of the Emperor Frederick II. On his father's death, in 12;j0, he received the Prinoipalit}' of Ta- rentum, and in the absence of his half-brother, Conrad TV., acted as regent in Italy. After Con- rad's death, he was acknowledged regent of Apu- lia for his nephew Conradin (q.v. ). Pope Alex- ander IV. caused a crusade to be preached against him, but JIanfred, steadily pursuing his victorious career, became, in 12.57, master of the whole Kingdom of Naples and Sicily. On ■ the rumor of Conradin's death he was crowned King of Palermo, August 10, 1258. and imme- diately afterwards was excommunicated by the Pope, together with his adherents, among whom were the first prelates of the Kingdom. Man- fred invaded the Papal dominions, levied heavy contributions from them, and made himself master of the whole of Tuscany. His power now seemed secure, especially as he married his daughter Constance to Peter of Aragon, while he himself married the sister of the Greek Em- peror Theophilus. His government was at once mild and vigorous; he founded many schools, built towns and harbors, and labored in many ways for the improvement of his Kingdom. But this tranquillity was not of long duration. Pope Urban IV. renewed the excomnuinication against him and his friends, and bestowed his dominions as a Papal fief on Charles of Anjou, the brother of Louis IX. of France. Manfred, though at first successful in the war which ensued, was at last defeated and slain in a bloody battle at Benevento, February 26, 1260. His widow and children were savagely treated by the French, the daughter being imprisoned for seventeen years and the sons dying in cajitivity. His body, as that of an excommunicated person, was in- terred on the battlefield imder a heap of stones. Consult Schirrmacher, Ccschichtc dcr letzten Uohen.^taufen, vol. iv. (5th cd., Leipzig, 1878). See CuABLES of Anjou. MANFRED. A dramatic poem by Byron (1817). Count Manfred, a kind of magician, dwelt in the Alps in solitary misery. Superhu- man in his nature, he was so in his sutt'ering. Scliumann composed a musical setting of the poem, which was performed under Liszt's direc- tion at Weimar in 1852. A version of Manfred was produced upon the stage in England in 1863. MANTKEDOTIIA, It. pron. man'frS-do'ne-ft. A town in the Province of Foggia, Italy. 23 miles northeast of the city of Foggia (Map: Italy. L 6). It is strongly walled, and an imposing castle protects its port, which is accessible only 1o small vessels. Two miles west of the town are the ruins of ancient Sipontum, of which the Cathedral of Santa JIaria ilaggiore. an edifice in the Romanesque style, has been partly restored. In the vicinity of Manfredonia are some remark- able salt lakes; figs, almonds, and carobs are ex- tensively exported. The town dates from 1203, but its industrial growth was checked by the Turks, who pillaged it iu 1020. Population, in 1901 (commune), 12,188. MANGABEY, mfin'ga-bt (a geographical name in Madagascar, erroneously ap]die<l by But- ton to an animal which is not found in the isl- and). Any one of a gi-oup of three or four species of West African monkeys forming the genus Cereocebus, which is relate<l to the guenons on one side and to the macaques on the other. They are distinguished by peculiarities of dentition; by the backward direction of the hairs of the crowni, and strikingly by having white eyelids ; wherefore they are frequently called Svhite-eyelid monkeys.' One well-known species, common in zoc'ilogieal gardens (where it is hardy and de- velops many amusing and gentle traits) is the sooty mangabey (Cercoerljus fnlipinoxnii). It is sooty black in color, and has the singular habit of carrying its tail always thrown forward over its back. See Plate of Moxkey.s of the Old World. MANGALDAN", man'g;il-diin'. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of Pangasi- nan, situated near the south shore of the Gulf of Lingayen, .ibout 13 miles northeast of Lingayen (Map": Philippine Islands, E 3). It is con- nected by highroads with the principal places of the province and is to be on the proposed north- ern extension of the Manila-Dagupan Railroad. Population, in 1896, 16,143.