Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/875

MANCHESTER. for the Parliament, but in the eighteenth century it became strongly Jacobite and participated in the rebellions of 1715 and 1745. In the early part of the nineteenth century, Manchester was prominent in the liberal and reform agitation, and was the scene, in 1819, of the so-called ‘’ (q.v.). After 1832 it was the headquarters of the free-trade movement, and gave its name to the famous Manchester School of Economy.

. Baines, History of Lancashire (London, 1870); Bannerman & Sons, Mercantile Manchester, Past and Present (Manchester, 1896); Whitaker, History of Manchester (London, 1773); Wheeler, Manchester (London, 1836); Procter, Memorials of Bygone Manchester with Glimpses of the Environs (Manchester, 1879); Darbyshire, A Booke of Olde Manchester and Halford (Manchester, 1887); Saintsbury, Manchester, a Concise History (London, 1887); Oakley, “Manchester: Its Development,” in Journal of Royal Institute of British Architects, series 3, vol. vii. (London, 1900); Perkins, Manchester: Its Cathedral and See (London, 1901).  MANCHESTER. A town in Hartford County, Conn., 8 miles east of Hartford, on the Hockanum River and on the New England Railroad (Map:, E 2). It was taken from East Hartford and incorporated in 1823, and includes the villages of Manchester, South Manchester, Buckland, Manchester Green, and Highland Park. The town is an important industrial centre, and has the great Cheney silk mills, paper mills, cotton and woolen mills, and manufactories of electrical appliances, needles, and tinware. There are public libraries in the villages of Manchester and South Manchester. Population, in 1890, 8222; in 1900, 10,601.  MANCHESTER. A city and the county-seat of Delaware County, Iowa, 46 miles west of Dubuque, on the Maquoketa River, and on the Illinois Central Railroad (Map:, F 2). It has a public library of about 3850 volumes, and, in the suburbs, a United States fish hatchery. The city is the commercial centre of the adjacent farming, stock-raising, and dairying country, and manufactures woolens, flour, carriages, brick and tile, fencing, etc. The industrial interests are promoted by good water power. Population, in 1890, 2344; in 1900, 2887.  MANCHESTER. A town including several villages in Essex County, Mass., 9 miles northeast of Salem, on Massachusetts Bay and on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map:, F 2). It is a popular summer resort, one of the leading attractions being a Singing Beach. It has a public library in the Coolidge Memorial Library Building. The town owns and operates its waterworks. Population, in 1890, 1789; in 1900, 2522.

Manchester was settled probably as early as 1630, and was known as ‘Jeffry's Creek’ until 1645, when it was incorporated as a village under its present name. It first became a summer resort about 1845, when Richard H. Dana built a summer cottage here. Consult Lamson, History of the Town of Manchester, 1645-1895 (Manchester, 1895).  MANCHESTER. The largest city of New Hampshire, and one of the county-seats of Hillsboro County, 18 miles south of the State capital, Concord, and 57 miles west-northwest of Boston, Mass., on the Merrimac River, at the confluence of the Piscataquog, and on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map:, H 10). It extends along both banks of the two rivers. An immense amount of water power for manufacturing is derived from the Amoskeag Falls (about 55 feet) of the Merrimac by means of a carefully projected system of canals, though steam is used also in a number of the mills. The most extensive industry is cotton cloth manufacturing, the Amoskeag, Manchester, Amory, and Stark mills operating on a vast scale, and together employing over 13,000 hands. Manchester is noted for the production of fire engines and locomotives, and there are also paper and woolen mills, shoe factories, needle and knitting-machine factories, hosiery and underwear factories, carriage and wagon works, tanneries, and manufactories of cigars, brushes, beer, lumber products, furniture, etc. These industries, which employ about 19,000 persons, represent a capital of nearly $20,000,000, and have an output valued at more than that amount.

The city is well laid out with fine, broad streets, and has a handsome United States Government building, county court-house, State industrial school, Roman Catholic cathedral, a public library of over 45,000 volumes, and several public parks, in all embracing about 155 acres; Manchester spends annually, in maintenance and operation, nearly $650,000, the principal items of expenditure being about $120,000 for schools, $85,000 for the fire department, $60,000 for municipal lighting, $40,000 for the police department, and $25,000 for the waterworks, which are owned and operated by the city, having been built in 1873 at a cost of over $1,500,000. Population, in 1870, 23,536; in 1880, 32,630; in 1890, 44,126; in 1900, 50,987, including 24,257 persons of foreign birth.

Settled by Scotch-Irish in 1722, Manchester was known as Amoskeag and Harrytown until 1751, when it was incorporated as ‘Derryfield.’ In 1810 it received its present name, and in 1846 was chartered as a city. Consult Clarke, Manchester, A Brief Record of Its Past and a Picture of Its Present (Manchester, 1875).  MANCHESTER. A town and one of the county-seats of Bennington County, Vt., 52 miles northeast of Troy, N. Y., on the Battenkill River and on the Bennington and Rutland Railroad (Map:, C 9). It is a popular summer resort, situated amid fine mountain scenery, at the base of Mount Equinox (3816 feet above sea level), which commands a superb view, and has the Skinner Memorial Library of 16,000 volumes, and the Burr and Burton Seminary. There are four miles of marble sidewalk. The town is surrounded by a productive farming section, and has large lumber and marble interests, and manufactures of fishing-rods and ginger champagne. The water of the mineral springs here is exported. Before the organization of Vermont, Manchester was for many years claimed by both New Hampshire and New York. The town was incorporated in 1761 and the village in 1900. Population, in 1890, 1907; in 1900, 1955. Consult Munson, The Early History of Manchester (Manchester, 1876).  MANCHESTER. A city in Chesterfield County, Va., on the James River, opposite Richmond, and on the Southern, the Atlantic Coast Line,