Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/869

* MAN. 775 MAN. bined action, while as fear subsides with the d;ivn there is more or less vociferous rejoicing; and these collective movements tend to become ceremonial. Clear vestiges of this stage survive among the Australian natives, who hold noc- turnal corrobborees on unusual occurrences, and among the Seri.. who engage in nocturnal mourn- ings and celebrate the sunrise with acclamations and obeisances; while related observances have been noted among various peoples. In this stage the ceremony or observance is dominant, the in- terpretation subordinate: the motive is terror, sometimes specific, oftener vague and general — the stage is that of hecastotheisni, the faith of fear. Death is dreaded supremely, and mortuary observances may exert a profound influence, as in the JIangj'an tribe of Mindoro, who desert the house and district in which a tribesman falls fatally ill, and among some of the Australians, who desert the range in which a death occurs. Such customs and motives so closely approach those of various lower animals and so mani- festly underlie those of higher human groups that they may be deemed essentially primal. Among most savages fears are concentrated on animals or objects supposed to be animate, the strong and the swift and the nocturnal being especially mistrusted, and most of these are tutelaries invoked by ceremonies and propitiated by sacrifices ; in this stage, too, the interpreta- tions, like the observances, are collective; and since the animals of the tutelary kind are occa- sionally or habitually captured or slain, the fear motive tends to weaken. This is the stage of zootheism, a faith of hope, which corresponds in part with the animism of Tylor. Throughout it the dread of death persists, yet mortuary cere- monies become elaborate and sacrificial or pro- pitiative; the Cocopa distribute the movable property of a deceased person among non-rela- tives and then Ijurn the body with the domicile and any remaining possessions; some of the California tribes cremate the body with the most precious possessions, and others throw the remains and property into a natural or artificial cavern; the Papago build a miniature bouse to which the body is conveyed the instant breath ceases, and both personal property and tlut of close kindred is sacrificed: several Amerind tribes place the body on a scaffold surrounded by sacrificial pos- sessions: various canoeing and sledging tribes sacrifice the vehicle with the body of its owner, and among some it becomes both bier and coffin; many tribes inter their dead in stone or wooden cists, and some erect imposing mounds over the remains of their personages. (See Burial.) .mong most primitive peoples there are collect- ive mournings, frequently accompanied by fast- ing or even drunken orgies. The observances com- monly include supplying the deceased with food and drink, weapons and utensils, clothing and votive objects, and perhaps domestic animals and slaves or wives sacrificed at the toni)) ; freipient- ly the inanimate as well as the animate things are 'killed' by breaking, cutting, perforating, or burning. (See iloRTU.'VKY Cu.stoms.) In a still more advanced stage fears are largely withdrawn from contemporary animals and the 'Ancients' of which they are deemed descendants, and are con- centrated on nature powers, to which either zoic or anthropic attributes are impiited. This is physitheisni, which accompanies barbarism, and grades into heroic mj'thology, ancestor wor- ship, and certain forms of idolatry, of which ex- amples are too many for listing; eventually it matures in the psychotheism or spiritualized faith of higher peoples. While primal fears grew into crude supersti- tions and these were gradually replaced by re- fined religions, the more positive qualities of mankind underwent a parallel development, and experiences were generalized in growing sj-stems refiected at every step in habits and customs, methods and motives; these were measured by the .successive stages in sesthetic, industrial, and social development already outlined. Meantime the current philosophies were influenced more and more by experimental methods and the earlier types were enriched or replaced by more definite systems from which have gradually evolved the modern sciences. For works of refer- ence, see Arch.eology, American; Burial; Eth- nology : Marriage ; Reugion. Comparative. MAN, Isle of. An island in the centre of the Irish Sea, whence its ilan.x name Vannin or Man- nhi — the middle — 16 miles south of Burrow Head in Wigtownshire, Scotland, and 27 miles equi- distant from England and Ireland (Map: Eng- land, B 2). It is 32 miles long, 12 miles broad, and 220 square miles in area. At the south- west e-xtremity is an islet called the Calf of ilan, containing 800 acres, largely cultivated. The scenery is varied and picturesque. A moun- tain chain extends from northeast to southwest, culminating in Snaefell, 2034 feet above the sea; from its summit the view embraces the wooded glens and undulating country in the foreground; the rich plains of the north and south of the island in mid-distance; and beyond, the Irish .Sea, bounded by the highlands of the surround- ing countries. Several trout streams take their ri.se in these mountains. The greater part of the island consists of clay- slate under various modifications. Through the clay-schist granite has burst jn two localities, in the vicinity of which mineral veins are ex- tensively worked. Great quantities of lead are extracted annually, as well as considerable quan- tities of copper, zinc, and iron: the lead ore is the richest in silver in the United Kingdom. The climate is remarkable for the limited range of temperature, both annual and diurnal; westerly and southwesterly winds predominate, easterly and northeasterly winds occurring chiefly in the autumn quarter. Myrtles, fuchsias, and other exotics flourish throughout the year. Agricul- ture is followed, especially in the southern part of the island and in the level districts to the north. On the hillsides in the interior many cattle and sheep are pastured. The island is noted for a breed of tailless cats. The Isle of Man is a great summer resort for operatives of Lan- cashire and Yorkshire, and at various points dancing pavilions have been erected. Steamers ply regularly between it and Liverpool. Fleet- wood, Barrow. Silloth, and other ports. The her- ring, mackerel, and other fisheries are important. The manufactures are unimportant, but the na- tives derive a large income from the thousands of visitors that come to the island each season. There are many interesting antiquities on the island. Near Castletown, the ancient capital and seat of government of the island, is the well-known Castle Rushen, which was once the palace of the native kings. Douglas, the capital of the island and its principal seaport, contains the so-called