Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/857

* MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS. 763 MAN. an extent of over a tliousand aores. The deposi- tion of this material has built up a series of basins, some of which have a diameter of nearly 100 feet. The hottest spring is 105° Fahrenheit. These springs have no rival in the world since the terraces of Rotomahana in Xew Zealand were destroyed by a volcanic eruption. MAMO, mii'mo (Hawaiian name). A peculiar creeper-like bird of the (Sandwich Islands (Dre- panis Facifica), the only representative of the I family Drepanida-, and now extinct. Its destruc- tion was brought about early in the nineteenth century, "for the sake of its rich yellow feathers used in former days to decorate the state robes of the chiefs." Very few skins are in existence, and these are preserved in European museums. After the extinction of this bird resort was had to another, the oij or moho (q.v.), to supplj' yel- low feathers, while red feathers for the purpose were obtained from the scarlet creeper (Vesti- aria coccinea) . Consult Wilson and Evans, Birds of the Sandicich Islands (London, 1884). I See iloHO. MAMORE, ma'mo-ra'. A river of Bolivia and the principal headstream of the Madeira, being by many geographers considered as the upper course of that river (llap: Bolivia, DO). It f rises on the eastern slope of the Cordillera Real, 20 miles northwest of Sucre, and Hows first east- -vard under the name of Rio Grande, then north- Avest and finally northward, receiving from the right its main tributary, the Guapore, after -which it forms the boundary between Brazil and Bolivia until it unites with the Beni to form the iladeira. After leaving the mountains it flows partly through extensive grazing plains, partly through immense forests. Its course is . throughout so swift that even in the forest re- I .gion it is continually shifting its bed. The ' length of the Mamoreis over 1300 miles, and it is navigable for nearly 1000 miles. Most of its tributaries are also navigable after they leave the mountains and enter the great plains. The river I is, however, obstructed by falls and rapids, espe- •cially those of Guajara, 40 miles above the junc- tion with the Beni, and by dams of fallen logs, so that it is navigable practically over a con- tinuous stretch of only about 400 miles above the Falls of Guajara. MAM'PALON, or MAMPELON (from the native name). A semi-aquatic civet-like animal (Ciinogale Bennetti) of the Malayan region, which feeds upon fish, crustaceans, and the like, tind has many curiously otter-like ways and adaptations. It is a member of the family Viverridie, related to the hemigales and para- doxures. MAMT7N, m.a-mrjon'. A distinguished caliph of the Abbasside line, son of Harun alRashid. See AL-iI.MUX. MAN, Science of. Especially during the later half of the nineteenth century and the opening years of the twentieth, scientific methods were extended to the study of man in various aspects, and a series of special sciences relating to different attributes or characters of the human being grew up. Among these are physiology, eraniology, psychology, archaeology', sociology, demology, ethnology, and various subdivisions of these, as well as several broader sciences dealing with common attributes of mankind and lower organisms, such as morphology, embryology, Vol. xii.^19. ecology, etc. By some writers the several branches of knowledge dealing specifically with the human kind are treated as coordinate and more or less distinct, and by some of these anthropology is applied, as one of the .series of coordinate terms, to the science of the human body or somatology. Other writers employ the term anthropology in a more general sense, in- cluding within its scope the special sciences deal- ing not merely with the human genus, but with men and their works in all their multifarious aspects ; and this usage is to be preferred both on logical grounds and in the interests of conven- ience. Accordingly the science (or sciences) of man may be defined as equivalent to anthro- pology in the broad sense, i.e. as including the various branches of definite knowledge pertain- ing to mankind. In a broad sense, anthropology may be defined as the science of ( 1 ) the human organism ; ( 2 ) the himian mind ; and ( 3 ) the human activities and their products; and these categories correspond respectivelv with the sciences of ( 1 ) somatology ; 12) p.sychology; and (3) demonology. These branches of knowledge are themselves complex. Somatology comprises human anatomy, physi- ology (and pathology, etiology, etc.), craniology, embryolog}', and ecology, in addition to anthro- pometry, craniometry, medicine, surgery, con- structive hygiene, and other collateral branches; psychology comprises phrenology (of course in the sense of observational knowledge concerning cerebral structure and functions), neurology, etc., together with such collaterals as psychom- etry, both introspective and experimental psy- chology, and the inchoate systems of cerebral cultivation sometimes called psychurgy; while demology is more definitely organized as (a) esthetology, or the science of arts; (b) tech- nology, or the science of industries; .(c) sociol- ogj', or the science of laws; (d) philology, or the science of languages; and (e) sophiology, or the science of ideas — the last comprising mythology, theology (in certain aspects), philosophy, teleology, and other more or less interrelated systems of thought. There remain certain sciences dealing with special aspects of the field covered by these divisions; thus, ethnology is the special aspect of anthropology pertaining to racial characters and types, while archfpology deals with the prehistoric aspects of somatology, esthetology. and technology so far as these are known through relics. So, also, .several of the sciences have commonly recognized descriptive aspects, such as craniography, demography, ethnography, etc. The leading divisions and branches of the science are shown in the accom- panying table: f Somatology Anthropol- j Psychology ogy I Anthro- I piimetry [ Craniom- i etry f. atomy Physiology ■j Craniology ! Embryology ( Ecology, etc. f Phrenology l ps,_.hom. -I Neurology. [. »'9.Tcnom- etc. etry, etc. f E.'*thPtology I Archaeol- Tpi'liniilogy ( ogy I .Sociology ^ Demonology .| Philology I f Mythology I I Theology ( Sophiology Philosophy I Teleology, I etc.